International Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International short letter - Assignment ExampleCurrently, Coca Cola faces competition from other soft drink producers that is not each that substantial but the threat from substitute products is growing. These be only but a few o the challenges that the club may do to face both now and in the future. The soft drink patience may be strong for now but this does not mean the consumers will remain spoil to it. Coca Cola should pursue a schema that will reduce the overall cost of its products. This strategy will give Coca Cola a much competitive advantage over its rivals who have already adapted methods of lowering the cost of their products. This is one of the many recommendations that the company should adopt if it has to enjoy act success in the international market.International Business is the terminology that generally describes the business activities that occur across the boundaries of countries for both profit making and political reasons (Daniels & Radebaugh, 2007). T his article will explore one such company doing business internationally namely the Coca Cola company, and identify a few significant issues link up to its international operations.Coca Cola, which is the symbolic American soda company, is among the companies that have operated internationally for a lengthy era period, having first gone international in the year 1902. It is currently a market leader in terms of soft drinks sales worldwide given that its products sell up to one and a fractional billion servings on a daily basis. The company can also boast of having the worlds largest production, distribution and marketing system of syrup and non-alcoholic beverage which is in fact double in size of its nearest competitor.For numerous reasons, the Coca Cola Company holds the belief that it will maintain its international growth. Among these reasons are its rising disposable income and the global

Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing - Assign workforcet ExampleI strongly believe that the warm moist space underneath the foreskin is a prime breeding zone for bacteria. Thus, it dope harbor organisms that can transmit sexually transmitted diseases. Once a man gets rid of his foreskin, this would be avoided. As well, circumcision is hygienic since once the foreskin is removed, the cheese-like, foul smelling substance will never accumulate. However, this could wreak to infections between partners, and can even cause cancer. Circumcised men find it easy to keep their bodies hygienic contradictory to uncircumcised men. It is worth noting that the fact that circumcised men keep off bacteria and other disease causing microorganisms, it is consecutive to say that circumcision reduces transmission of HIV/AIDS. Uncircumcised men are at a higher risk of contracting STIs, than circumcised ones.My view on circumcision has been influenced by medical studies. The basis of these views is primarily medical, and has bee n proved to be true. After recital a lot of studies regarding circumcision, I came to realize that it promotes healthy living. For this reason, circumcision should be practiced by all men if at all they mind about their

Does TV Increase Violence among Children and Teenagers Annotated Bibliography

Does TV Increase Violence among Children and Teenagers - Annotated Bibliography ExampleThe document suggest that media companies become responsibilities of making sure the media does not get into the wrong hands of a child who should not be viewing the media. The document uses statistics strongly to prove that fierceness is not related to media such as military force on Television. The statistics show that as violence in media becomes more popular, homicide rates go down. Video Games be a big factor for the direction violence is portrayed in media. The video game high-minded Theft Auto San Andreas is profiled in the document. The video game shows scenes of violence, sexuality, drug use and even racial comments. The document seems to argument strongly that tough media does not influence violent behavior in children and teen youth. in that location are mainly statistics that favor the chosen argument. The article stresses the need to protect children and teens from weapons an d other violent objects. some(prenominal) media sources claim to market their products to an age group that is appropriate for the game. The arguments presented in the document are by out-of-the-way(prenominal) favorable to the fact that violent media is not subject to children, but many can argue the fact. Anonymous. Is vulnerability to media violence a public-health risk?. Lancet 9619(2008)1137. eLibrary. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. This article focalizationes on the danger of violent images and games. almost games show constant violence. The violence shown is a harmful exposure to children and teens. Children and young teens can be traumatized by the images of killing and violence. It is obvious that the article is suggesting that there is some sort of a regulation put on the violence that is portrayed in the media. The need for a regulation is important to minimize the amount of violence young children see. The article focuses on the importance that the television and the internet c an give educational material. out from being able to provide educational material, there are withal dangerous exposures to violent images and events. The images that are able to be viewed on the internet can have devastating affects on a child. The focus on this is to explain how important it is to regulate what children and teens are able to view in the media. The exposure is not just a risk for children and teens. The general public is at risk for health issues from all of these violent images. The article is from the United Kingdom and often references the United States. This reference to the United States explains how the violence is highly publicized more than in other countries. The article is summed up by stating that there really is no way to place blame on a certain violent media. However, it is suggested that more studies need to be performed to splice violent media with violent behavior. MICHAEL PAUL WILLIAMS. DANGEROUS MESSAGES? MEDIA VIOLENCE ABOUNDS SO DOES DEBATE O N ITS EFFECTS. Richmond Times-Dispatch. 13 Oct. 1994 A-1. eLibrary. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. The facts recognized in the document are quite alarming. Facts show that the average child whitethorn witness 8,000- 100,000 murders just from watching television. For many that amount is way too much and shows that there is a large need for change. These facts do not also factor in other media such as games and the internet. The harmful effects that these images have on children can change the way the children act dramatically. The debate also expresses the type of children that are likely going to be viewing the violent media. It is stated that children

Understanding the Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Understanding the Childhood - Essay ExampleThe set about Understanding the Childhood talks about the maladjustment or maltreatment during childhood which more often than not surfaces in some form of societal contradictions and confrontations in a childs later life. The make-up as well discusses a school, not as an institution that had strict administrative procedures. The primary right of a child is not to be affected by social prejudices and legal structures, if any, that might be predominate against their parents. All actions outcomen by legal, social, governmental and non-governmental bodies that might affect children must be taken with the scoop up interest of concerned children in mind. United Nations has to a fault declared in its charter that, except nether extraordinary circumstances, therefore, State should ensure that a child is never separated from their parents. The world body has also been unambiguous in its censure of illegal human trading in children and has dire cted State to take the most stringent measures to prevent any such nefarious activity. A child, like any other adult human being, will be entitled to freedom of opinion, thought and expression and will also be entitled to their right of privacy. However, Helen Penn draws our attention to the fact that notions of childhood is not the same in each region of the world and varies much wider than can be conceived by a Westerner. Just to place her demarcation in proper perspective, hence she draws the example of poverty as viewed in the Western world and elsewhere.

Mexico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mexico - screen ExampleMexico is situated at around 23N and 102W in the southern sectionalization of North America. The total area of Mexico covers around 1,972,550 square kilometers, where 1,923,040 square kilometers are covered by get and 49,510 square kilometers are covered by water. Northern Mexico is recognized to be dry as soundly as desert-like while the southern region of Mexico is covered by mountainous jungle. Moreover, Mexico is known as one(a) of the major bio-diverse nations of the world. Mexicos economy is recognized as the worlds thirteenth biggest economy which is intimately the same size as Russias as well as South Koreas economies. Moreover, Mexico is considered as a free market economy which invents a mix industry, services, as well as kitchen-gardening (Foreign & democracy Office, Mexico Country Information). Major Regions of Mexico Mexico consists of nine major topographic regions, these include the Mexican tableland, the Gulf Coastal Plain, the Pacific Coastal Lowland, the Southern Highland, the Sierra Madre Occidental, Baja California, the Cordillera Neo-Volcanica, the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Yucatan Peninsula. Moreover, Mexico comprises a replete(p) variety of geographical regions as well as climate variations. The 31 states including Mexico metropolis run the gamut from lofty desert and scrubland to verdant tropical jungles and stunning sea-coast provinces (Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Mexico Country Information). Central Mexico is generally known as a volcanic plateau, which is enclosed by huge mountain ranges. The entire Mexico City is known as Old Mexico for its major agricultural activities which comprise small town and attractive colonial cities that have made Mexico a famous global heritage direct. Southern Mexico is renowned as an ecotourism resort which consists of sea coasts, jungles, marshes and mangrove forests that provide adventure as well as beautiful natural site for any tourist. Pacific coast is c onsidered as the jewel in Mexicos crown which provides historic loss leader such as Acapulco (Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Mexico Country Information). Groups of People That Make up Mexico According to the symbolize scenario, Mexican people are a blend of descendants from Spanish as well as other various immigrants. From 16th century onwards, people mainly from Europe had started to settle in Mexico and created Mestizos (a convention mixed with European and indigenous ancestry). Religion of Mexico comprises 89% of Roman Catholic, 6% of Protestant and 5% inhabitants of other denominations (Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Mexico Country Information). Languages Spoken in Mexico In Mexico, Spanish is considered as the official language. Moreover, at that place are around 62 native languages that are still spoken by one-third of the population. The Spanish language which is spoken by native Mexicans is quite different from the Castilian Spanish which is the original language of Spa in (Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Mexico Country Information). Five Most Popular Dishes in Mexico Cabrito is a very famous and conventional dish of Mexico. This dish is prepared with baked baby goat which is gradually cooked over mesquite coals which comprise several of Mexican herbs and spices (All about Mexico, Culinary). Another popular dish is

Racism in the World and how is reflected in the Movie Hotel Rwanda Essay

Racism in the World and how is reflected in the Movie Hotel Rwanda - Essay ExampleMany factors good deal contribute themselves to racism and racial discrimination. Racism is always a product of inequality whether it is cultural, economic or personal. A probe into history reveals to us how many countries and races have considered themselves superior to others and looked down upon others with scorn, contempt and detestation feelings. We know how Adolf Hitler and his belief that the Aryans are the best and most superior race in the world has caused a lot of violence, unrest and anti-humanitarian actions in the past. It is also advisable to bring into mind how the Negros in America and sec Africa suffered various setbacks due to racial discrimination. Racism is a product of marginalization the marginalized and suppressed races or communities strive themselves for existence, whenever they come to the realization that they had been suppressed and oppressed and their own individualist ic human rights and that of the race are rattling adversely affected and endangered. The only possible solution to racism is the dread that there is only a single race. There is no superior or inferior in the society every individual equally deserves respect, humanitarian concerns and the opportunity to develop his/her potentialities irrespective of what race or culture he/she belongs. The sleep with of racism has something to do with culture and education. There are many who believe that the issue of racism is a cultural phenomenon and that effective education and the promotion of various heathen identities can create better understanding and respect for others in the minds of people. Racism has always been both an instrument of discrimination and a lot of exploitation. further it manifests itself as a cultural phenomenon, susceptible to cultural solutions such as multi-cultural education and the promotion of ethnic identities. (Shah, Anup 2004).In the past many have tried to bring the issue of racism into light with literature, art, science

Love the Way You Lie by Eminem and Rihanna Essay - 1

Love the Way You Lie by Eminem and Rihanna - Essay ExampleRihanna chants the chorus with lyric such as Thats all right because I like the way it hurts. The moving picture is oddly useful since Eminems and Rihannas past lives were contributionized by violence or abuse (Fallon 4). Eminem is fond of recounting a lot about violence while Rihanna was once abused by Chris Brown.When one examines the word picture very carefully, it appears like it glorifies domestic violence. Eminem sings If she ever tries to fucking leave me again, Im a tie her to the bed and secure this house on fire. Eminem appears to promote violence against woman since he is set to punish her partner if she decides to pull down him (Enck and Blake 621). On the other hand, Rihanna sings Just gonna stand there and watch me burn. But thats all right because I like the way it hurts. Rihanna suggests that she may tolerate domestic violence if it is directed at her again (Cundiff 22). The var. explains a superficia l narrative of a violent relationship without an analysis.In the pictorial matter, Eminem raps aggressively in the play down insinuating that he is the male character that appears in the photograph. The video indicates how a love so violent at one time could quickly go wrong after some time. On the other hand, Rihanna sings as if she is the female character that appears in the video. Rihannas line, I love the way you lie, insinuates that the female character gets pleasure in being let down and mistreated. Both Eminem and Rihanna play their part in the video in front of a house that is burning. The flames may be representing anger, desire or even regret.The video helps to tell a story, but it fails to paint the whole picture that many anti-violence proponents have been witnessing. Viewers of the video may be left wondering what could have brought the two individuals to that place. In the videos depiction, fretfulness and violence appear to be the same thing.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 34

Case study - Essay moralThe mediator does not enjoy a determinative or advisory function, with respect to the deviation or the outcome of its resolution (Spencer & Brogan, 2006, p. 8).NADRACs model of mediation entails a neutral third party intervention, vis--vis the dispute in question. It facilitates the disputants to arrive at an agreement. Considerable variation can occur, with regard to the extent to which the mediator intervenes. However, this does not extend to deciding the outcome. The mediator can enkindle methods for resolving the dispute (Astor & Chinkin, 2002, p. 84).Several means of procuring the avail of effectives are available to disputing parties. In general, these entail the third party conducting an independent examination of a a few(prenominal) of the circumstances of the dispute and providing a report of such investigation to these parties. On occasion, the mediator could also show advice regarding desirable, probable and possible results (Astor & Chinkin, 2002, p. 89).The mediator conducts an investigation of the dispute and furnishes advice regarding the disputed facts. As such, expert appraisal provides an independent, impartial, and target evaluation of the disputed issues. This is made available by an expert appointed for this purpose by the disputing parties (Astor & Chinkin, 2002, p. 89).The expert cannot make recommendations, although further negotiations can be based on his opinion. Nevertheless, he can employ the findings to suggest desirable, probable and possible outcomes to the dispute. Upon the parties consenting to the factual findings being final and binding, the process acquires a determinative verbal expression (Young, 2001).For the above scenario, I employed the Expert Appraisal and Determination method of Alternative Dispute Resolution, as the dispute requires an expert opinion regarding the absence of air bags in the car. Since there are no precedents in this area, an expert can provide a suitable solution to t he problem, after

Ancient Science and Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ancient Science and Medicine - Essay ExampleHippocrates was born in 460 B.C. He is also known as the father of spine surgery. His heritage of knowledge and methodology has extended to near all branches of modern medicine. He evince his medical practice on observation and the study of compassionate body and thus Hippocrates made the new changes in medical science by accepting the reasonable notions. Before that the base of medical science was religious beliefs. But he began the very sophisticated and rational number method of observing the human body for diagnosing the diseases. Hippocrates and his school followed the holistic concept combining scientific thought with drug therapy, diet schedules and physical and mental exercise. Hippocrates and other Greek doctors used to believe that a doctor should be kept separate from the engage done by a priest. Thus away from prayers and worship of God for curing the diseases he focused on the change in diet, the useful and discriminato ry drugs. Maintaining the balance in the body is the key for good health according to Hippocrates. Hippocrates treatise called On Medicines is the major work in history of the ancient Greek thoughts. It is a key document to study the medicine in early period and so this treatise has influenced many historians of philosophy as it contains the relevance to the 3rd century B.C.Hippocrates ceaselessly believed that composition treating the diseases it is essential to consider the whole human body and not just a serial of parts. He was the first physician who accurately described the diseases. He also described the symptoms of pneumonia and epilepsy in children and stressed upon the natural remedial process like rest, good balanced and proper diet, fresh air and hygiene. He also explained that the seriousness of injury depends upon the individual differences. Some individuals are strong enough to cope with the diseases while some are weak. Hippocrates was the first physician who attac ked on the traditional

Answer the three questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer the third questions - Essay ExampleThe new EPA rules, like the Clean Air Act, will enforce regulations of gas emissions for businesses like plant, refineries and factories (Milbourn 2010). Its new policies will focus on requiring them to increase their efficiency regarding cleaning fuels, controlling emissions, and reducing GHG befoulment (Walsh 2011). Businesses will also be required to include green house gases when trying to obtain permits for pollutants. The administration has to take an active role in controlling green house gas emissions. It is responsible for the golosh of its country and citizens for the years to come. Voluntary actions by individuals do help but no rules and regulations are implement this way. The government should review its policies for GHG emissions and pollutants and introduce better regulations for their control (Milbourn 2010). These policies should be evaluated by leading experts before being implemented. Also, required safety permits, s trict regulations and rules should be put into place for the leading industries causing emissions like ability plants and automobile factories. Educational programs should also be developed in schools and for the public at large to score more awareness of this looming crisis. Works Cited Cathy, Millbourn. EPA Sets Thresholds for Greenhouse Gas Permitting Requirements/Small Businesses and Farms Will be Shielded.

The Case of DNA, Forensic Evidence, and Prosecution Essay

The Case of DNA, rhetorical Evidence, and Prosecution - Essay ExampleThe explore focuses on one specific graphic symbol and discusses the usage of rhetorical techniques involved with prosecuting and convicting an offender.The intelligence of forensic probe has become a highly popular tool in law enforcement in todays time. It has proven to be useful in sometimes locating evidence that proves the innocence of those thought to have committed a crime. Also it works to prosecute those who atomic number 18 irrefutably guilty of committing violent and criminal acts against other human beings. Although offenders might go free for a certain period of time, forensic techniques are gradually minimizing those possibilities of getting extraneous and remaining free once a crime has been committed. For instance, one stray hair or a cigarette butt with a mouthpiece imprint remaining on it can be the discriminative stimulus law enforcement needs to apprehend a possible suspect in relatio n to a murder, rape, burglary, or possible other heinous act against those in society. In fact, some researchers state that forensic science has made all the difference in how the criminal system now works in the join States.DNA data banks are worthy tools in legal investigations due to the fact that if a previous offender commits another crime and gets away, the forensic evidence can be analyzed and compared to information stored in the DNA data banks. Often times this hurries the process along and provides the necessary means to apprehend a previous convicted criminal of a serious crime against another (Office of Forensic Services 2006). For instance, in the case where a young financial analyst was on her way to work, she was confirmed to have been abducted and dragged into a consignment elevator where she was raped and brutally beaten, possibly left for dead as well. However, the victim bit her offender and the blood that was left behind on her jacket enabled investigators to p inpoint the person responsible for the crime. Often times forensic evidence such as this is what it takes to apprehend a suspect. Normally it is the inclusion of skin and hair fibers that are found under the victims fingernails that normally rent to the curse of a known violent suspect (Office of Forensic Services 2006). The reason that forensic techniques are highly useful is that they do provide the irrefutable evidence of who committed a crime. Now this cant always be 100% for a certainty as in that location have been some cases that have been overturned. However 99.9% of the time this type of DNA evidence provides the validity needed, as well as the burden of proof that the justice system is looking for to seal a conviction against a violent offender (Office of Forensic Services 2006). Another similar case that utilized forensic evidence was one where an offender actually had a soda in the home he was burglarizing. He went so far as to use a straw which left a good lip impri nt. This one small mistake by Angelo Powell, who had a long train of burglaries in behind him lead to his arrest and conviction (Office of Forensic Services 2006). His DNA was taken from the soda bottle he left at the scene of the crime and compared to the stored information in the

Critical Paper Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Paper - Movie Review Example with this, the complex conflict and relationship between modernity, tradition and human emotions between the western and eastern, aspects of the globe result be highlighted. The 1994 released movie To live directed by Gong Li and Zhang Yimou is a film that is basically ab come out an experience of a family during a particularly challenging and hard time, it besides helps bring out the journey of the Chinese people towards their revolutionary stage( Zhang, Wr and Lu Wei 2). The more pronounced theme is that of convince and different ways of coping with it. This aspect is similar with the other noteinal films standardized in Wedding cattle farm the main character figured out a strategic way of sorting his problem and in the Eat Drink Man Woman Chef Chu, found alternatives to his problems through food as elaborately brought out. The tack theme was introduced both on societal and individual level. The difference in the change is on the inc ident that on the individual level it was influenced by the individual own doing that is to say Xu Fugui, which if compared by other two was not due to their own actions. The film also shows the changes on a societal level that were mishap on the Chinese society and various ideologies and political systems that were initially imposed on the Chinese people. This is also seen in the film Eat Drink Man Woman where there had to be a special order to marriage and in Wedding Banquet the society expects some things to be common like in choice of marriage partners. With the societal changes consequently happening, all the characters in the three films experience effectuate that correspond to their lives. In this context, the societal changes that are happening and the individuals involved no longer have, any realize over the issues for it was already the external factors that influence and operate and affect their individuals lives (Chan 1). The 1993 film the Wedding Banquet, which is about a Taiwanese immigrant man that is animated and marries a mainland Chinese woman to get her a green card and to placate his parents. Although with his parents arrival in the United States his plan backfires since they decided to help with the wedding banquets planning (Wu, and Lixing 1344). The layer combines so many issues of today and it is a great example of modern day life namely cross-cultural life, sexuality, modernity/tradition, younger generations vs. old school parents, gay couples and multi-racial couples, love and family values, immigrants and gay Asian Americans. This themes discussed to a higher place correspond well with the other two films, since they all discuss societal current issues since, they directly carry out the very different and distinct cultures in the film concurrently namely the 90s representation of the gay couples and Asian American. The film also uses the theme of change to bring out and gloss on groupings and social stereotypes without blat antly doing so (Bishop, John, Haiyong and Lester 4). There is a similarity in the theme of change in the other two films since they all discuss societal change. They embrace of sexuality by discussing gay relationship, revelation and change from the traditional Chinese cultures and a more entailed analysis of family issues and solutions derived as the families find becoming solutions on how they break from traditional and societal norms. The films help bring out the change theme by adequately capturing

Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 15

Poverty - Essay ExampleThe sight is also relevant to the general concept of need since it is hard to separate child distress from exiguity in general. In addition, its particular and unique dimensions be rarely recognized.According to Dun sewer, ZiolGuest andKalil (2010), children experience distress as a situation that is detrimental to their emotional, spiritual, mental and physical development. Their denomination argues that poverty can drastically impede the ability of a child to learn. As a result, child poverty contributes to behavioral, social, and emotional problems to such(prenominal) children. The authors also state that child poverty not only contributes to the general ill health of the bear upon child, but also to poor mental health of the victim. This implies that there are greatest risks for children who encounter poverty at their tender age. This risk is even intensified if these children experience persistent and profound poverty. According to these researchers , poverty is the only greatest threat to the well-being of children (Duncan, ZiolGuest & Kalil, 2010). The article concludes by suggesting that active public policies can have an upper hand in creating a difference. It mentions making work pay for those parents with little income, providing high-quality scholarship experience and early care for children as the necessary steps to eradicate child poverty. In addition, the article advocates for investment in the most poverty stricken children as a critical step in fighting child poverty.According to Sumner (2010), children experience a state of poverty with their minds, hands and hearts. Explaining about literal poverty in the article, for instance, he argues that the emotional capacity and bodily growth of a child are hindered when the kid starts a day without taking a meal. He adds that when a minor lives in an milieu that offers little emotional support to him or her, most of the positive effects of a child developing up in a

Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

assignment - Research Paper ExampleThe organization suffered greatly by having a single-legged man in ass-kicking affair with the same leg behind the back. The Seminole tribe being in war with the government despite the casino being operated for 20 hours. The organization lacked control over the movement and fixing the machine. Workers were to a fault unreachable during the weekend. thither is further a weakness of lack of three rules, and each person does what he feels. Further, the firm could never okay the advertising. Further, the firm suffered from the unwillingness of clients to buy FL casino. Customers yawn to attend casino but are scared by the stringent rules. The state gaming competed with the casino. The firm suffered from the inability to operate outside the city overdue to lack of trust amongst the three brothers.The firm stands to benefit from the looming tax revenue reduction that is moving downwards from initial 65% to 45% to the projected 25%. Moreover, with lit tle competition arising from the last ten years and the tax reduction is an opportunity for expansion. In addition, at that place has been favorable legislation in WI dog and snowmobile cannonball along making tribes to be aware of the casino ops hence turning out to masses. Further, the legalization of gambling by NY, PA is another paying(a) opportunity for expansion. Further the exit by Atlantic City is also an opportunity for the organization to expand.The organization suffers from the threat of being highly taxed and regulated paying 45 cents per dollar. However, there has been a tax reduction from 65% moving downwards to 25% offering a lucrative opportunity for the organizational expansion. The other threat that affects the firm is that of Dade community campaigning against gaming. The stringent laws en enacted in Dade City that saw Jed Bush government winning in 2008 and subsequently restricting under 21 from accessing the Casino in the following year. Further, the gaming ru les are so harsh that keeps away the potential customers posing a

Describe slavery in the US especial black women in bondage .use Essay

Describe slavery in the US especial fateful wo men in bondage .use annotated bliliography that implicate primary and secondary source - Essay ExampleThrough the mid-19th century, westward expansion of the States, beside with a boost abolition movement in North-America would arouse a long discussion over slavery that could redeem divided the nation during the American Civil War (1861-65). After the dismiss of this bloody war, though the compass norths victory freed four zillion slaves of the nation, but the inheritance of slavery sustained to influence the muniment of America, from the chaotic years of Reconstruction (1865-77) to the movement of civil rights (1960s), that came out a century after the end of slavery. Slavery in America In beginning of the seventeenth century, European colonists of Jamestown Virginia, in North America were the first who turned towards African slaves. (Alexander, and Rucker55-56) These slaves were considered as a cheaper, extra hard working alte rnative of indenture servants. (Slavery and Indentured ServantsLaw Library of Congress.) These indenture servants were mostly poorer Europeans. Twenty African men and women were transported by a Dutch ship to a British colony, slavery stretch all over the American colonies. Although it is not possible to give exact modus operandi, it is estimated by some historians that around six to seven million slaves were transported to the New World during the eighteenth century alone, divesting the continent of Africa from large number of its healthy and able men and women. Both men and women slaves experienced an equally devastating time. Both were deprived from a family and land of origin. together were forced to carry out concentrated sedulousness, subjected to psychological and physical humiliation, and were likewise denied of their very basic rights. During slavery these men and women were beaten cruelly, divided from loved ones randomly, and despite of gender, treated as private pr operty in the eyes of the law. African Women Early on, females slave were gettable to buyers in the colonies for working on their fields. These female slaves were available lower prices. Actually, skillful labor, like carpentry and blacksmith, was allotted only to men slaves that further reduced the number of black men available for agriculture work. As an outcome, men were outnumbered in the field by women slaves. On farms having a small agricultural area, only women slaves were forced to perform labor equal to men slaves. On large farms, field and plantations, work was divided amongst both genders, while male groups were given physically tough tasks. Commonly, men were assigned plowing while women were given hoed task. Motherhood of Enslaved Women Major role of women in Africa was that of mother. period in slavery, this primary role of African womanhood was dishonored. Inside the plantation system of America in the 18th century, women slaves during their pregnancy were considere d as an economical advantage for their masters as a number of labor pool are multiplied. (Gilchrist) While in Africa birth of a child brought in respect for these black women. The average age of enslaved woman giving first birth was nineteen years old and afterward, utilize to give a new birth every two years. As this cycle was advocated by the master, was also benefiting the mother. During pregnancy, she was given more food and lower working hours. She was also no likely to be exchange as tested fertility made her more precious for her master Harassing the Dignity of black Women Black women slaves were expected to

Potato Chip Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Potato Chip Industry - dejectionvas ExampleOften, there are barriers to the entry of new-made competitors, specifi chattery potato chip products. The barriers include governing laws that ensure one entitys sole status in the menses market segment. Often, the establishment offers a claim the entity the right to exclusively operate in a new market economy (Miller, 2012, p. 533). in that respect are several advantages in the 2008 potato chip monopoly environment. Wongs, the exclusive manufacturer of Wong potato chip products in the Northwest, has no competitors. Since there are no competitors, the seller, including Wonks, can dictate the price of the products. Wonks can price its products at ten percent above cost. Wonks can also increase its current potato chip products prices by 20 percent. Wonks can raise its prices in order to allocate funds for research and development of new potato chip related products. The comp whatever can sell strawberry-flavored potato chip products. The company can sell vanilla-coated products. Wongs can sell the potato chip products in different sizes to fit the customers budget. Virgile Chassagnon emphasized From the 1930s to present day, the industrial landscape has changed considerably. The modern firm has evolved in parallel with the pilfer of the aspiration, globalization and fiscalization that began in the early 1980s (2011, p.35).Likewise, the current and future customers are at the mercy of the noncompetitive entities, like Wonks. The clients cannot search for competitors to sell the same quality product at lower prices. However, Mizan Rahmann (2011) proposed the government must(prenominal) promote perfect competition. Perfect competition has more benefits compared to the monopoly market environment. For the government to benefit from the monopoly, Doyle observed When governments interfere in markets truly open, competitive free markets do not exist. There are many examples of how competition is limited by the ent ry of new firms being blocked or in some behavior made more difficult (Doyle, 2005, p. 199). The government intervention can be the best alternative to hold on entry of prohibited competitors. The government can set a limit to the number of competitors in any local industry. In addition, Deanna Malatesta (2011) reiterated the government can institute laws that control the abuses. Malatesta observed the government counters the credible threats of opportunists, franchise violators, in the monopoly economy with more effective laws. Further, the Vaticans Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace councils call for the establishment of a world political authority that is vested with the power to control both global financial transactions and the worlds economic activities, especially controlling the outright abuses of the monopoly organizations immoderately high prices. The councils call answered the United Kingdom Prime Minister Tony Blairs assessment that the current disadvantageous tu rmoil of the current European Union economy threatened both the military preparation of the allies and their capacity to share humanitarian help to the poor and neglected members of the global society (Justice & Economics, 2011). The government benefits from monitor and controlling only one potato industry entity, Wonks, by spending less monitoring time and costs. However, some other businesses will not benefit from the

Of Mice and Men - novel and film comparison Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men fabrication and hold comparison EssayThis is a comparison between Steinbecks original novel Of Mice and Men and the 1992 film version. I leave be comparing the two arisings, the show of Curleys wife, and the treat handst of a powerful scene.Of Mice and Men is unmatchable of those classic stories more or less friendship, loyalty, sacrifice and crushed dreams. The 1992 film was directed by Gary Sinise, who also contend the part of George Milton. This film was in position the jump film he had ever directed and I believe it to be really successful. The film follows the boilers suit content of the novel, however, there be some key differences The introduction to the film has two complete differences, the showing of Curleys wife, and also the treat workforcet of a powerful scene, which entrust be foc practice sessiond on the oddment.In the beginning of the Novel, it is set in Soledad. Steinbeck creates a very tranquil source and conk outs the impress ion that it hasnt been discontinue by human interference. On the sand bank under the trees the leaves lie deep and so frigid that a lizard makes a striking skittering if he runs among them. However, correct sooner the referee is introduced to the two protagonists, Steinbeck includes that this peaceful, living organism inhabited area is frequently interrupted my humans. a path beaten hard by boys access sub ascribable from the ranches to swim in the deep pool, and beaten hard by tramps who come wearily level from the high trend in the evening to jungle-up near water.This quote shows that this has been a place humans rush to for a long snip. The use of the words beaten hard is associated with a path which has been walked on for umteen years. This tells the reader that however peaceful the area may be, it has always been trespassed by humans. The animals react in charge due to the sound of footstairs mentioned again. This also suggests that the animals are non used to hu mans entering their little knowledge base and thus they hide away.The rabbits hurried noiselessly for cover. A stilted heron labored up into the nimbus and pounded down river. For a moment the place was lifeless, and consequently two men emerged from the path and came into the opening by the green pool.The description of George and Lennies entrance indicates that George appears to be in change. They had walked single file down the path, and even in the open, one stayed behind the another(prenominal). This shows the reader that there isnt a close bond of friendship, barely more of a leader and a follower, i.e. George macrocosm the leader, and Lennie the follower.The description of George and Lennie gives the reader a sense of their characters immediately.The starting time man was small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, brawny features. Every part of him was defined small, strong hands, slender arms, a thin and bony nose. This shows the reader that George is a man of intelligence and means business. Lennies description on the other hand is described as someone who is quite the opposite. Behind him walked his opposite, a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide, sloping shoulders and he walked intemperately, dragging his feet a little, the way a contain drags his paws. His arms did not swing at his sides, but hung loosely. Lennie is described physically with a great use of animal imagery. This adds to the fact that Lennie does lack intelligence. In his description he indicates that Lennie is also someone in wish of guidance and cigarettenot deal on his own accords which could conclude why George is with him.The beginning of the film is very antithetic compared to the novel. It isnt shown as peaceful at all. In fact the practice of medicine used gives a great feeling of intensity and panic. When the piano is include with the rhythm of the violin, it adds a sense of hopelessness. There are notes contend on a higher scale of the piano which insist a sense of innocence, however, nothing is suggesting happiness.The opening scene begins on a train with George sitting alone flavor very strong in the darkness of the carriage. Although the train is very dark, beams of light shine through from gaps in the wooden walls. The scene is then changed to a much brighter atmosphere with a young woman running in a champaign in hatful George and Lennies home town. However, music is still very fast and tense which prepares the audition again that this is a sad story.George and Lennie are being chased by men with guns on horseback. It is fire up to the audience that George is in charge middling by seeing that he is leading the way and tattle Lennie what to do. We then see George and Lennie escape, sneaking onto the train and we hear the first convocation between George and Lennie which again indicates that George is in charge as he merely tells him to shh and Go to sleep. Lennie responds with simpl e use of the English speech which again shows the audience that he has some kind of disability. Its quite ironic genuinely because Lennie is in a very big character although he cries and depends on George for the majority of things.The incident in Weed is not running in a chronologically compared to the novel as we are introduced to the incident before we actually meet the characters. At the very beginning when we first see George, it is as if the incident in Weed is his memory and he is pondering on it as him and Lennie travel to their destination on the stir in Soledad.In the novel, the readers are introduced to the incident in Weed later on in the novel when George and Slim have a conversation on the Ranch.In the film, the audience is introduced to the Ranch with very country- the like music which is fairly happy and uplifting compared to the musical piece the audience are introduced to at the very beginning.In the novel, Curleys wife is first mentioned through a conversation with George and Candy. Candy makes it seem like Curleys Wife is a bit of a flirt before the reader is even introduced to her by utter that even though she is married shes got the eye. However, although she isnt exactly happy being with Curley, she comely wants some attention. When the reader is introduced to her she is described vesture very a rather lot of war paint. She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily do up. Her fingernails were red. Curleys Wife wears a lot of red. Red is seen as the most intense influence and is very noticeable.The fact that she wears a lot of red indicates that she wants to be noticed. She wore a cotton house robe and red mules, on the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers. As she lives on a farm, she is not genuinely dressed appropriately for the wife of a rancher. However, Curley ignores Curleys Wife so it is of no surprise that she is wearing things to attract the other men on the farm. Her body language insists that she is very provocative as if she is tantalizing the men to go after her.She put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown fore. Lennie is very much attracted to her although George and the other men are not. This kind of suggests that Lennie will have something to with her although not in a sense of sexual nature, but similar to the same incidence in Weed where Lennie was accused of attempting rape towards the girl running away when he was only caught up in stroking her dress that he would not let go.In section four of the novel, there is a part where Curleys Wife enters looking for Curley although in the film this was left(a) out. Perhaps to ensure that Curleys Wife was wanted to be seen by Gary Sinise as someone who needed sympathy from the audience.During this part of the novel, Curleys Wife describes her relationship with Curley.Sure I gotta husban. You all seen him. Swell guy, aint he? Spends all his time sayin what hes gonna do to guts he dont like, and he dont like nobody. Think Im gonna stay in that two-by-four house and listen how Curleys gonna lead with his left twice and then bring in the ol right cross? This creates a lot of sympathy towards Curleys Wife as she is obviously rejected by Curley to the point where she isnt even properly included. The fact that as the reader, we dont even know her name also suggests that she is unimportant towards Curley and the other characters.Crooks pronto turns on Curleys Wife insisting that she leaves, however, she has a lot of power over him considering shes colour and back then, black people were simply tho slaves and were resented by a lot of people. Knowing that, Crooks backs down almost to a point where he is leaning against the wall. Listen Nigger/ You know what I can do to you if you open your trap? Well, you keep your place then, Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint even funny. This is practically the only time that C urleys Wife has some kind of power over someone, and because he is treated no break down than an animal as he lives next to the barn where all the animals are and not even in a properly built home, more of a shed, suggests that Curleys Wife only really has power, or a chance to step in on her own accords is towards Crooks.Section five is where Curleys Wife initially dies due to her trust, and lack of self control in Lennie. Steinbeck has been implying that Curleys Wife was just really an innocent young woman and all the makeup was just an act for attention. the meanness and the plannings and the discontent and the endure for attention were all gone from her face. She was very pretty and simple, and her face was sweet and young. Again the amount of makeup she had on makes her look as if she were still unrecorded Now her roughed cheeks and her reddened lips made her seem alive and sleeping very lightly.In the film, the audience are introduced to her again like in the novel looking for Curley. She is dressed in a pink floral dress unlike in the novel where she is wearing mostly red. However she is wearing red lipstick although her eyes are not heavily made up but it is noticeable that she is wearing eye makeup. It is garner that she is not wearing heels because the sounds of her foot steps are quite bold.Compared to the book she is a lot less provocative but the way she speaks to the men on the farm is very flirtatious and her body language is very suggestive, for example she pushes her chest forward and places her hands on her hips which could insinuate her wanting more than just somebody to talk to, although we know she just wants somebody to talk to. When Curleys Wife leaves, Georges immediate response is towards Lennie is for him to stay away from her due to the incident in Weed.There are three added scenes featured in the film. These were most likely included to show the audience how Curleys Wife has no sympathy or consideration from the other men at the barn and how Curley himself treats his wife with little consideration.The barn scene, being the first added scene is where we see George winning a tired out horse back to the barn where he also encounters Curleys Wife. The way she talks to George is very flirtatious and almost as if she is leading him on, however she then goes on about how she wants somebody to talk to her because Curley himself doesnt give her any attention and is undoubtedly trying to better himself compared to the other men, thus why he picks on Lennie, who is a lot taller than him and certainly much more stronger.The twinkling added scene is The Speed Ball Scene where we see Curley punching away at the speed ball. This could have been added to heighten the audiences awareness that he is constantly aggressive and obsessed with fighting. Curleys Wife is sat levelled above Curley with no body around and is clearly very lonely and extremely bored. With all the men working on the farm in the background, and Curle y, although not working himself, is still not giving his wife a atomic number 16 thought. This is a clear indication that Curleys Wife is isolated on the ranch and I think it emphasises the description given about her dead body in section 5 of the novel where underneath all of the makeup and desperate attempts for some attention, she was merely just a sweet, innocent and lonely girl.The last-place added scene in the film is The Broken Record Scene. She is wearing no makeup and obviously had been emit and is completely on her own. She vents about what had happened Curley got aggressive and smashed all of her four records therefore not being able to play them which reminds the audience of Curleys violent nature. The reaction is pitiful and it is obvious that nobody pickings any consideration for her. Curleys Wife then runs off saying that if she ran away no one would miss her etc which could be suggesting her death.All of the added scenes help to enhance the audiences awareness fr om the beginning of the film that Curleys Wife should be seen in a very sympathetic perspective and this is not clear in the novel until Steinbecks description of her dead body.A very good example of a powerful scene would be the very ending of both the novel and the film.In the novel, Steinbeck sets the scene for the ending which takes place in Salinas River. He describes the surroundings beautifully and authentically just like in the beginning of the novel which creates a very peaceful image for the reader.The deep green pool of the Salinas River was still in the late afternoon. Already the sun had left the valley to go climbing up the slopes of the Gabilan mountains, and the hilltops were rosy in the sun.Nevertheless, the peaceful scene is spoiled even before the arrival of Lennie as Steinbeck creates an image that suggests death and readies the reader for what is about to unfold. A silent head and throwaway lanced down and plucked it out by the head, and the beak swallowed the little snake while its tail waved frantically.As Lennie arrives he begins to have two hallucinations which are not shown in the film. The first hallucination is of his Aunt Clara and through the conversation brought about by Lennies imagination, his great fears are revealed. Georges reaction to what Lennie has done and the fact that Lennie has no real understanding of the seriousness of what he has done, which enhances his guilt feeling because he knows that he has disappointed George. The conversation then leads on to Aunt Clara devising him feel even more guilty because George has done so much for Lennie and all he does is give him grief when George could do so much more without him.Lennies second hallucination is of a rabbit. This is could be a symbol of Lennies childlike nature and how the only real bad thing he can think of is how George will not allow him to look after the rabbits and the fact that he will now leave him. The conversation with the rabbit could also show how L ennie is very nave and is convinced George will not leave him or get mad.The novel and the film are very similar as far as the conversation between George and Lennie are concerned. In the novel, it is prolonged to gradually build up tension for the reader when they realise that George is going to shoot Lennie. When he finally does, it is clear that this has traumatised George and is a very dreadful thing for George to undergo. George shivered and looked at the gun, and then he threw it from him, back up on the bank, near the spate of old ashes. George is comforted by Slim and is taken for a drink. However, the reader is reminded of the ignorance by society as they are blinded by what George has just had to go through, which ends the novel.Then ending of the film is very sad. Lennie is make up and comforted by Georges voice and soon by The American Dream which is referred to several generation throughout the film. The audience are unaware of what is about to happen as when George finally shoots Lennie it is very sudden. The music, played at the beginning of the film is again brought back, which is very touching and adds for a great effect to what has just occurred. Instead of the hallucinations Lennies fears are brought into the convocation between him and George and are much shorter than in the novel. In the novel, it begins and ends at the Salinas River where as in the film it begins and ends with George sat on the train. Just like at the beginning, there are blink backs, but this time of George and Lennie together. This indicates that George has spent the majority of his time with Lennie and they had a very brotherly relationship. The flash backs could imply George being deeply upset due to the fact he has killed his best friend.

Market Demand Essay Example for Free

Market Demand EssayThe figuring above shows that Bonia sort out practice elastic demand for the previous 10 historic period. This is mainly due to impregnable competition among competitors. Bonia Group, which target the mid-high price range market encounter a few international branding competitor like Calvin Klein, DKNY, Paris Hilton, Armani Ex switch over and Lacoste in the market and were highly competitive for years.Bonia Group was rede to avoid price increase for the coming years as sales figures for the past 10 years show that Bonia Group were in elastic demand. In order to increase yearly sales amount, the Group could actually remain or decrease price as in elasticity demand, sales harvest-home is oppositely proportional to price. They are always encourage to remain or decrease the price, and at the homogeneous time remain the quality and material of goods to boost up the sales quickly and to show spry results.Besides that, the mid-high price range in Bonia Group show that their products are actually inferior goods. In order to overcome the coming economic crisis and recession, lower down the price range to normal goods is some other way to avoid for profit losing. Economists predict that beginning from this year, it would be another recession coming ahead. During recession, the add up salary for population will decrease and unemployment increase. People will try to find out replacing for expensive goods. Thus, Bonia as an inferior goods brand will encounter sales decrease during recession. It is good to change from inferior goods to normal goods so that they can still gaining profit during recession.

Different types of wastewaters Essay Example for Free

Different types of waste peeings searchDomestic waste weeweeDomestic effluents be generated from activities such as bathing, laundry, cleaning, cooking, washing, and other kitchen activities. This contains a large essence of organic waste with suspended solids and coliforms. Calculations made based on available data show that one-half the organic waste is from the domestic sector (PEM, 2003). As stated in the EMB report, domestic wastewater discharges pay highest to the BOD load as the lack of sewage discussion system allows more than 90 per centum of incapablely treated domestic sewage to be discharged into surface waters, which contain bacteria and viruses that braten human life. Geographically, data show that one-third (30 share) of BOD generation comes from Metro manilla paper and portion IV alone, at 18 and 15 percent, respectively (PEM, 2003).Industrial wastewaterReports show that the volume and characteristics of industrial effluents motley by type of indust ry and are influenced by different factors such as production processes and the surpass of production used. Industries that are found to be water-intensive, i.e. food and dairy manufacturing, pulp, paper and paperboard products, and textile products, correspondingly discharge large amounts of wastewater (PEM, 2003). Most of the water contamination-intensive industries are in National Capital Region, Calabarzon, and Region III. Food manufacturing industries, piggeries, and slaughterhouses are the main sources of organic befoulment (PEM, 2004). A report from a write up conducted by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in 1999 emphasizes that the situation is even more critical with examine to hazardous wastes. In the said report, approximately 2,000 cubic meters of solvent wastes, 22,000 tons of heavy metals, infectious wastes, biologic sludge, lubricants, and intractable wastes, as well as 25 million cubic meters of acid/alkaline quiet wastes are impr operly disposed of annually in the Metro Manila area alone.A study by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) conducted in 2001 (as cited in National Economic Development consents document on the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan 2004-2010) states that around 700 industrial establishments in thePhilippines generate astir(predicate) 273,000 tons of hazardous wastes per annum. It was further estimated that with 5,000 potential hazardous waste generators, about 2.41 million tons of hazardous wastes will be generated. At present, the report added, there is no merged treatment facility for hazardous wastes in the country although there are about 95 elfin to mediumscale treatment facilities that treat hazardous wastes (i.e., used oil, sludge).There is approximately 50,000 tons of hazardous wastes stored on or offsite due to lack of proper treatment, recovery and recycling facilities. Sometimes they end up existence recycled in backyard operations further putting at ri sk workers and communities hosting these informal recycling facilities. Other hazardous wastes are exported to other countries for recovery and disposal (i.e. metal bearing sludge, used solvents and electronic wastes) and treatment (e.g. PCB).wellness and environmental problemsMuch of the surface water in urban areas is a public health risk maculation rural surface waters are also sources of disease. The World curse estimates that exposure to water pollution and poor sanitation account for one-sixth of reported disease cases, and nearly 6,000 premature deaths per year. The cost of treatment and lost income from illness and death due to water pollution is pegged at PHP6.7 one million million (US$134 million) per year (PEM 2006). contaminant of our water resources such as untreated wastewater discharges affect human health through and through the break of disease-causing bacteria and viruses. Some known examples of diseases that may be spread through wastewater discharge are gas tro-enteritis, diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis, and, recently, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) (PEM 2003). The state of water in the Philippines (Bacongui, Beau, 2007, October). Retrieved January 9, 2013, from http//www.greenpeace.org/seasia/ph/Global/seasia/report/2007/10/the-state-of-water-in-the-phil.pdfHazardous and toxic waste managementRepublic passage 6969, implemented by DAO 29 series of 1992, regulates the range of activities associated with hazardous and toxic materials (use, transportation, storage, export, distribution, manufacture, and processing). Users or handlers of chemicals must first check with DENR whether thesubstances are included in the Philippine Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical Substances (PICCS). A Chemical Control Order (CCO) prohibiting, limiting, or subjecting use to certain controls or conditions may be issuanced for chemicals that pose an unreasonable risk to public health or the environment.environmental Impact Managem ent SystemAn on-going innovation under the EIS system is the introduction of programmatic compliance. Under this program, industries sited in state industrial development areas may be issued a single Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC). This glide slope has the advantage of reducing the cost of document preparation and review. Furthermore, it justifies the coming(prenominal) application of carrying capacity assessments to determine the frame and types of industries that should be allowed to locate in a given area. Philippines Country Profile. In Green Productivity Practices In Select Industry Sectors. (Abanto, Arnel. 2001) Retrieved January 9, 2013, from http//www.apo-tokyo.org/gp/e_publi/gpp/0302PHILIPPINESrev.pdfWater pollution creeping in senatorMANILA, Philippines The Philippines faces a creeping water pollution problem because of rapid urbanization and industrialization, a senator warned over the weekend. Senator Pilar Juliana Pia S. Cayetano, chairperson of the Se nate Health and Demography Committee, said she is worried that political relation has weakly-implemented programs to improve the quality of fresh water supply. Cayetano pointed out that inadequate resources, institutional fragmentation and poor statistics as the major stumbling blocks in achieving the goal of securing a sufficient future supply of clean fresh water. She said addressing this concern is in line with the Millennium Development end 7 for environment sustainability which is to reduce by one half, by 2015, the proportion of nation without sustainable approach shot to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Sen. Juan Miguel Zubiri, Senate Committee on Environment and Natural Resources chairman, said the issue emphasizes the importance of reforesting the countrys denuded mountains.Forests, Zubiri said, act as watersheds, storing and releasing fresh water through natural processes. In past Senate Committee hearings, testimonies on the countrys forest reserve beingdenud ed at a fast clip the past few decades had been presented. Citing the Philippine Environment proctor report of the World Bank in 2003, domestic wastewater represents 48 percent of the total pollution in the entire country the rest is due to industrial and agricultural sources. In Metro Manila alone, the share of domestic sewage is 58 percent of the total. Because of insufficient sewage treatment and disposal, more than 90 percent of the sewage generated in the Philippines is not disposed or treated in an environmentally unobjectionable manner, Cayetano said.The same report estimates that water pollution costs the Philippine economy an estimated P67 billion ($.3 billion) annually of which P3 billion is attributed to health, P17 billion to fisheries production and P47 billion to tourism. Cayetano pointed out that Department of Health (DoH) statistics show that approximately 18 people die each day from water-borne diseases, which accounted for 31 percent of all reported illnesses from 1996-2000. She said the Congressional precaution Committee was created following the enactment of the bonnie Water Act in 2004 and found out weaknesses in the enforcement of environmentally-related laws.There are too many hands dipping in the broth, so to speak. Around 30 government agencies are involved in the management of our water resources. The gaps, overlaps and conflicts of responsibilities are apparent during the conduct of our (committee) hearings, making the institutional framework highly fragmented, weak and complicated, she said. Water pollution creeping in senator (Casayuran, Mario. 2011, April) Retrieved January 9, 2013 from http//www.mb.com.ph/articles/312556/water-pollution-creeping-senator.UO1KP-TwaSoWater pollution a threatGovt not enforcing environment laws SWS muckleMANILA, Philippines . Five of each 10 Filipinos believe water pollution is a serious threat to their health and environment, but the government is unable to enforce environmental laws. Results of a survey of the Social Weather Stations released Friday also showed that at least three of every six residents of Metro Manila did not agree that pollution was an acceptable trade-off for economic progress. The SWS survey, a first on water pollution and enforcement of environmental laws, was commissioned bythe environmental group Greenpeace as part of its Project Clean Water program launched in September.The initiative aims to mobilize action in protecting the countrys vast fresh water sources. A recent World Bank study warned of a possible water scarcity problem in the country by 2025. The survey from Nov. 30 to Dec. 3 covered 1,200 randomly chosen adult respondents divided into samples of 300 each in Metro Manila, Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. We wanted to see how Filipinos perceive the problem because it is very hard to push for the implementation of environmental laws if the public accepts water pollution as an unavoidable consequence of economic development, said Beau Bacongu is, Greenpeace southeast Asia campaigner in a press conference Friday.Half of the respondents said water pollution in the country was a very serious problem and posed great danger to their health and environment 22 percent found it somewhat serious nine percent, a little serious and 19 percent, hardly serious. While growing concern for water pollution was noted among residents in urban areas, with 58 percent finding it unacceptable that economic progress should mean environmental destruction, some 48 percent said they were not aware of any laws enacted to help prevent pollution.Among the environmental policies cited in the survey were the Clean Water Act and the Solid Waste Management Act. Out of the 1,200 respondents, 26 percent said they were long-familiar with the Clean Water Act 27 percent were aware of the Solid Waste Management Act while 50 percent admitted not knowing about the laws. Water pollution a threat (Uy, Jocelyn, 2008, January) Retrieved January 9, 2013 from http// newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/metro/view/20080126-114918/Water-pollution-a-threatDirty Water Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000-2020 (Gleick, Peter, 2002, August) Retrieved from http//www.pacinst.org/reports/water_related_deaths/water_related_deaths_report.pdf

Evolution of building materials Essay Example for Free

Evolution of figureing materials EssayIn chapter 12 we look for the artistic development in Architecture. When conceptualizing a build kinkhitects incorporate three things function, form, and structure. Function is how the construction volition be riding habitd, form is how the building looks, and structures is how the building remains standing. Architects need to design structures that hold up under(a) any(prenominal) combination of three physical forces compression, tension, and bending.To days architects have a plethora of materials at their isposal, they eudaimonia from the growing of materials and have the opportunity to use them how they wish, but it has not always been this way. Primitive buildings were built apply dry masonry, which is a simple technique of stacking stones in a consistent pattern without using any mortar. Buildings such as the Great Pyramids of Egypt, and the Great Zimbabwe(190) in East Africa are perfect examples of this type of masonry. In b oth of these structures the stones are dressed meaning they are cut or shaped before use. office staff and institutionalize and arch structure systems were used predominately before the wentieth century, in places worry Greece, Rome, and Egypt. The form on post-and- beam structures has to due with the materials used. Stone beams have to be shorter and thicker because stone is brittle and not flexible. Wood how ever is to a greater extent flexible so they can be thiner and longer in turn they can be use to create a more than open upcountry space. Arch structure uses stone in a semi-circle atop two columns or piers, bigger versions of columns, creating a Round Arch. There is a stone move center that hold the arch together known as a keystone.When a round arc is extend in a epth dimension, the effect is known as a brake drum Vault. When two Barrel Vaults intersect the point of intersection creates a Groin Vault. These types of structures were used by early civilizations of wester n Asia and the Mediterranean area for underground drains and tombs. Romans were the first to use the technique aboveground and there were able to use it to build things like the Roman Coliseum and the Pont du Gard(192), the aqueduct, which was both a bridges for travel as well as a bridge for water. When an arch is rotated 180 degrees it forms a dome, that is sed in to create huge interior space.Gothic style architecture introduced a new type of arch, a pointed arch which allowed for wider bases and a more pointed arc, but is uses no keystone. The absence of the keystone creates a weak structure that could not hold up under the tension force. The create the flying buttress, which is a support placed at a 90 degree angle to the arch and holds the structure in place. The next major step in the evolution of Architecture was truss and balloon frame architecture. Trusses are triangular framework use to span breed support, such as a russ of house roof, or one used as a locating of a bri dge.Balloon framing refers to the use the replacement of thick timbers with thin studs held together by moreover nails, at first though of as flimsy and weak, but is used today in hold development. The evolution ot metals in the architectural world nave been immense. T development of cast iron allowed for buildings to be limit up very quickly, because it is stinger that wood or stone and can span greater distances, The crystallisation Place was built in only six months and covered 19 acres of land, it was a react of the building world. Next Came Steel and reinforced concrete buildings.The strength of steel frames and the recent invention of the aerodynamic lift allowed for the first conceptualized and built skyscrapers. This resulted in the International Style meaning the use of modern material like glass, steel, and concrete to create these types of structures. Domino Construction System, were six supports made of steel are placed in concrete slabs, alleviates the need for su pport walls, opening the door to building for rooms for how they need to be used, and the faculty to make walls almost completely out of lass known as curtain walls.Carbon character reference is the latest material to surface, not yet used for building, it is extremely light, and very strong. Architects are now conceptualizing how they competency be able to use this material in the future. Carbon fiber has the potential to revolutionize the building world. Many building now days are trying to reach a harmony with record in both design and energy efficiency. Buildings like Guggenheim Museum Bilbao(200) are putting in to practice the ever changing face of nature in the design of the buildings.Green uildings are springing up everywhere any new construction or renovating existing buildings to make them energy efficient and revolutionary at the same(p) time. They evolution of building materials and design allow for architects of today the opportunity to implement beauty in their des igns. The ability to incorporate any material from stone steel and glass concrete and wood into a building has resulted in some of the worlds most beautiful and elegant structures dating back to completely stone building, to todays hi rise structures, architecture is a beautiful thing.

English-language films Essay Example for Free

English-language films probeWorking as a congressional page, I was given the ability to ma jade greene my academic succeeder through my own initiative. Dealing with independence was a revealing realize for me, giving me new responsibilities and formation my work ethics. I didnt have my parents, now 5,000 miles away, to urge me to finish my homework or to nag about my less than perfect grades, and I couldnt depend on the support of the teachers or counselor-at-law that I knew so well to look after my academic well-being. There was a realization that I was alone in my struggle to succeed and become a responsible student.This independence allowed me to take the berth into my own hands and to work out my own problems, knowing I was the dictator of my consequences and decisions. In this situation, I learned how to set my priorities, a skill that has taken me a step toward preparing for college. Knowing that education would try the foundation for my future in college and beyond , I placed it at the top of my values, so even in the excitement of new friends and complete independence, I had to maintain it as my first priority.Though it proved gruelling to discipline myself without support and accountability alone, I managed to succeed. Id invite friends over to my room to schooltimeing, and it at last became a custom to for us hold study sessions in my room every Monday night and before test days. The entire night was devoted to completing our assignments, studying for exams, and tutoring each other. After the strenuous study session, wed reward ourselves with a movie and light conversations. These study sessions were an efficient way in which I could balance two of my important priorities, friends and academics.Living on my own and balancing a hectic fill up of school, work, and dorm life, I gained insight in effectively managing my own time, which was essential in preparing myself for academic success. It wasnt a rare occurrence for Congress to stay into the thick hours of the morning, debating over a controversial issue, much(prenominal) as the bud travel or immigration. During these nights, I was required to wait on congressman on the root word and carry out errands late into the night. Working late did not give us amnesty from the schools assignments, so we had to make the close to use of whatever time we had.Working as a page obviously cut into the precious time I had to concentrate on my school work, forcing me to separate my time wisely. It became an unsaid rule for me to sign myself into an hour of study hall every week night, so that I wouldnt be distracted by roommates or requests to go out. I had an excuse to handle my friends invitations to the movies or to the mall until I felt confident I could do my best on the pre-calculus or history test we would have on Friday.With my packed schedule, I spent my time wisely to get the most out of my experience in Washington, while maintaining my grades and academics. The i ndependence that I was fortunate enough to experience for the first time exposed me to responsibilities has helped me to prepare for college. It has disciplined me to set my priorities and manage my time to be the most effective student possible. Like a young eagle learning to fly, I learned to star myself in the right direction. And so, I landed a more prepared and experienced person.

The Unredeemed Captive Essay Example for Free

The Unredeemed absorbed EssaySome atomic number 18 natural literary genius, some achieve literary genius, and some have literary success thrust upon them. As for John Demos in his book, The Unredeemed Captive seems to be the blend of the last two categories. Through this book, Demos takes you to the eighteenth Century, to explain the tension-ridden and violence-prone confrontation between three communities (segments of a society).They are the prude settlers of raw England, the Roman-Catholic French of New France (currently parts of Canada) and the aboriginal Americans. It was a peculiar type of confrontation fought for several types self- by-lines. The conflicts, where devotion, culture, race and territorial interests are involved. The story takes savage turns and the reading seriously affects the emotions of the readers The contents of writing are a mixture of concomitant and fiction. The book has great historical significance. The mentioned communities then did not beli eve in peaceful negotiations to settle the ensnare disputes. They fought for territorial gains and the borders continued to shift and relocate. The mini-Hitlers were out to establish their moral and racial superiority. The animal tendencies in them surfaced frontwards and they did not hesitate to capture (kidnap) young girls belonging to the enemy camp, as war trophies, eventually for their familiar gratification.John Demos is a Yale History Professor. His primary intentions and efforts in this book are to provide an objective digest of the encounters between the mentioned groups. He has drawn upon the experiences of one family to achieve the objective in view. It is the John Williams family. Williams is a puritan minister. The family was captured in 1704 in their Massachusetts home by a group of Frenchmen and Native Americans.They were marched off to Canada. Of the sevensome members of the family his wife died en-route, Williams and four children were released later, his daugh ter Eunice became a convert (forced conversion?) to Catholicism to marry a Native American. Desperate attempts were do by the family for the return of Eunice to Massachusetts, but she came for short visits only to return back, till her shoemakers last at the age of 95.The stunning and heart-rending part of the story is that of Eunice. Remember, she was only 7 when she was capturedwhat values did her captors defend by torturing the mind of an innocent girl child? Religious principles? Cultural traditions? Racial superiority? merciful values? Such persons deserve to be the offspring of the Satan. She was converted to Catholicism and married off at the age of 16, for which the perpetrators of such a crime can face severe punishment in the be times. Probably that was the age when male/female married as per the social customs prevailing then. Well, she spend the rest of her life, but what might be the thought-currents circling and torturing her mind within?Her 88 years of dumb suff ering is difficult for the printed pages to capture, the most sensitive and imaginative writer will not be equal to(p) to probe the inner layers of her mind. If someone is able to do proper research on this mind, it can as headspring reveal the history of the century to which she belonged in the correct perspective. Her life is a great workout of the bitter fruits of cross-cultural bloody encounters. It is the saga of the perpetrators of the torture and those who were tortured. That God and destiny were often quoted to justify the cruel happenings shows the mad and sadistic mind-set of the groups involved in those conflicts. It was an open exhibition of animal tendencies, by the two-legged devilsThe Unredeemed Captive is a systematically researched history by John Demos. To sieve through the 300 year gray-haired data (the later 1600s) and make out a factual, historically relevant story is a complete job. Demos has done justice to his job as the Professor of History. He knows the essentials of the history, the requirements of a research student of history. The research pages do make a slow reading, and that is no fault of the author. The narratives sections are quite fascinating. Basically, this book is compose by a history man for the history mickleIn the present times also, people live dangerously in the border areas of a country, especially when the neighbors are unfriendly. This is the situation when civilization has made advancement and there are international laws for protection. Guess, what would have been the conditions 300 years ago, when might was right and jungle laws prevailed? John Demos describes well, with authority and proof, the dangers of living on the American frontiers in the early days of settling America, when the borders shifted constantly.A tough subject has been chosen for the book and the area covered is vast. One can not hold back the book to make a good reading from page 1 to page 336. The first volt chapters are very exc iting the flying start is the highlight of the book. The story and the incidents related to the family of John Williams are interesting and touching. The rest of the book is about facts, customs and traditions. One needs to make efforts to sustain the interest as for this portion of the book. But overall, the book is no drag.Finally, the important points of the book The clash of cultures of the diverse communities is well depicted. Through the personal tragedy of a family, the political story of an era has been told. The doomed role of the religion is described well. Eunices rejection of her own family is a mysterious psychological drama. But Demos shows the balanced approach in writing this part of the story, and does not blame exclusively any party involved in the conflicts. References CitedDemos, John, arrest The Unredeemed Captive.Publisher Vintage Reprint edition (March 28, 1995) ISBN-10 0679759611ISBN-13 978-0679759614

The Devil’s Highway by Luis Alberto Urrea Essay Example for Free

The Devils High demeanor by Luis Alberto Urrea analyzeLuis Alberto Urrea has do thorough research over the topic of illegal immigration and the problems people face slice crossing the border before writing this book. Most of them die in the mid of their journey as they have to cross on foot which is very dangerous and involves a lot of risk. Urrea describes the situation and facts so lively that the endorser gets completely involved and almost starts feeling the pain by which these men mightiness have gone through. Urrea wants to point out that these illegal immigrants as human eings and wants them to be treated probably because the process of immigration takes us back into the history when men were needed in US to do some odd jobs that the citizens were not willing to do. Also these people could be paid less and indeed helped indirectly in the economy of the country. But seeing some of the Mexicans well settled in US lot of them wanted to come and this gave rise to people worry Don Moi to create mafia too.The genus Arizona desert is considered as the devils highway because it is deadly. Getting lost nd water ar continuous problems that men face there. The description of different kinds of death makes the reader breathless and this looks quite closing to honesty as they tell their personal stories and the reasons behind why each one is risking his life. Urrea uses terms like cutting the drag and explains the reader how these men carry themselves forward in that unimaginably strong lie and drag their body in extreme hot conditions.He also uses terms like a pig at a luau, which is used to describe the type of death these men were getting in that deadly desert due to heat. The signcutters like Don Moi in the story takes away his cut of arouse and leave the men in the way lost, as there are no signposts in the way to guide them. Urrea spends a lot of time on the point of view of the Border Petrol because he wants to show the real picture to the rea ders. He has done complete research work and has interviewed the various politicians on each side.Some of them are in favor of immigration while many want to pass on a high wall from one end to other end of Border. He wants to tell the reader that the common and poor people suffer due to this kind of politics. The dickens sides of the story tell the reality of both immigrants and the problems they face and activities involved at the border like patrolling and maintaining them. Urrea has very beautifully mixed the two stories and makes the reader feel the real picture behind what people actually think of.The Devils Highway is considered as literary nonfiction because it is a story based on acts and author has done a great job of blending reality with story. The facts are so well described in the pattern of story telling that reader actually feels pain and almost relive the story along with words used by writer. Urrea tells the story in a very fascinating way and scour gives brief description of each individual, his life and reason why he wants to immigrate. This makes the story even more(prenominal) interesting and live. The book is literary because reader is almost linked to facts through the story.

Rewilding North America Essay Example for Free

Rewilding North America EssayThe earth is a major planet that contains non only human beings but also animals. Unfortunately, people do not respect animals well enough since the idea is that human beings are much smarter than animals. However, we are two different kinds that cannot survive without distributively other. Luckily, there are some people who care about animals and try to make people be a part of wildlife like old times.A lot of animals die because of human beings almost everyday. most(prenominal) of those occur on roads and highways. Therefore, scientists research to prevent those losses. One of the most important things that they did is called Y2Y which is a myopic form of Yellowstone to Yukon. Y2Y is a corridor that includes national forests, uncaring position and most importantly it is road little, Y2Y is not only restrain animals but it also makes people change their minds.For example, the pressure of Y2Y makes people build bridges on highways for the ani mals. So that, the animals that live there begin a chance to avoid the cars on the highways. In addition to Y2Y, isolated parks play a vital role of preservation of animals. Although I think isolated parks are great opportunities for animals in order to live fearlessly, some scientists strongly oppose. They claim that because of isolated parks, animals have to live in smaller areas.According to the scientists, if the area where animals live gets smaller, there will be less species exist. The scientists who have two opposite sites argue that if single large is to a greater extent beneficial for animals or several(prenominal) small. In conclusion, human beings and animals are parts of the ecosystem which cannot be thought either one of them do not exist. In my opinion, the world would be a better place if people try to be more responsible and respectful to animals.

Student SSCP Domain Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Student SSCP Domain Research Paper EssayFor Richman Investments the users are the biggest threats so I would give access keys in various levels and to various departments. With that being said I would set permutation of password anywhere from 28 days to 6 months apart depending on department and job in the company. Have basics such as firewall and full antivirus software as well as confine upload and download abilities.Administrators could have the option of layering security by enforcing the use of PIN numbers, hardware tokens, leaf node certificates and other forms of secure authentication on top of AD or LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol). After execution of instrument of several security policies, I would create a SSL (Secure Socket Layer) VPN (Virtual Private Network) network, a form of VPN that can be used with a standard tissue web browser. In the traditional Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) VPN, an SSL VPN does not require the installation of specialized thickening software on the end users computer. Its used to give impertinent users with access to Web applications, client/server applications and internal network connections. SSL VPN doesnt require specialized client software on the user computer.For site to site we would just use VPN to secure the network data and encrypt it for security measure. An SSL VPN offers versatility, ease of use and granular control for a range of users on a variety of computers, accessing resources from some(prenominal) locations. There are two major types of SSL VPNs. SSL Portal VPN is a type of SSL VPN allows for a single SSL connection to a Web site so the end user can hard access multiple network services. The site is called a portal because it is one door (a single page) that leads to many other resources.The remote user accesses the SSL VPN entry using any modern Web browser, identifies the user to the gateway by using an authentication method supported by the gateway and is then presented with a Web page that acts as the portal to the other services.SSL Tunnel VPN is another type of SSL VPN that allows a Web browser to securely access multiple network services, including applications and protocols that are not Web-based, through a tunnel that is campaign under SSL. SSL tunnel VPNs require that the Web browser be able to handle active content, which allows them to volunteer functionality that is not accessible to SSL portal VPNs. Examples of active content include Java, JavaScript, Active X, or Flash applications.

Market Analysis and Promotional Issues in South Africa Essay Example for Free

Market Analysis and Promotional Issues in entropy Africa testSouth Africa is an ethic exclusivelyy diverse country and was under the colonial rule for decades. It has been noted that its Black Afri basin ancestry in the whole population consisted of 79.3% while the face cloth population was 9.1%, the colored 9% and the Indian/Asian of 2.6 %. The countrys new constitution which came into effect on 4th February, 1997, has recognized 11 official lyrics and has march on given them all an equal status.Its colonial history was unmatchable of subjugation by the white colonial masters and therefore the native African and colored population nursed a growing sense of resentment, doubt and a feeling of revenge for the wrong doings meted out to them by the colonial rulers. The nation that became liberalized by emerging out of the past again realized that the colonial bit of subjugation was not fully over as yet as they still have to submit the feeling of inferiority over the English langu get on with left out by the foreign rulers.Thus, scrupulous efforts were on by the new government to save the countrys various linguistic cultures. By accepting linguistic globalization, which has adapted the use of English, mother tongue equally need to be use and also developed (Moyo, 2009). In this context and the resulting confusion of attaining a cultural identity the book gross sales in South Africa saw a significant increase including those of English books.South African customersThe South African Customer for grocery store purpose in consumer returns covers a whole range of people from all cultural and linguistic angles. Yet from the point of facial expression of the book publishing the range is limited and this is further narrowed down given to reason that the English reading population is limited and to the white people and the educated lot of the Black African and colored population.Now taking into consideration the market of English fiction of the Janet Eva novich line of books the market gets further segregated according to age. However, it is seen that fiction in planetary is the easiest genre to sell in the overseas market (OReilly, 2010). This is more so keeping in view of the South African governments recent bilingual education policy where English language is an important official language. Although South Africa has a significantly different political, social and cultural landscape than that of US, it provides an elegant example of bilingual education policy (England, 2009).In spite of the above it is seen that there is some core of resistance from the culturally distinct group who would like their own mother tongue as their chief(prenominal) language. According to the author Mzamane Mbulelo Vizikhungo liberating the African mind from the stronghold of Western cultural imperialism is the unfinished business of the vent struggle (2009).This shows the nature of resistance which still exists in the Black African and colored pop ulation which may take some time to completely erase out. As Vorster states that after a long stay of inequalities in the society a new dispensation cannot be effectively established without a deep-root transition process that must redress the imbalance cause by the previous dispensation (2005).Yet this may lento subside as the whole world moves towards globalization and there will be changes in the attitudes of the consumers. An sagacity of the psychological process by which attitudes are changed should provide insight into when and how attitudes guide consumer behavior (Bagozzi, Gurham-Cauli and Priester, 2002). This is true for both fiction and the publishers ought to be aware of this in order to project the book as tailored for the customers. right aways approach is to accept that there are different demands in the market place and the product needs to be tailored specifically to meet the differing demand if it is stand the best chance of advantage (Proctor, 2000). In cas e of Janet Evanovich writing which is incidentally a fast moving, suspense filled, romantic version of modern-day life in America, and the South African overt can see reason as to why they too may not change likewise. Customers are more discerning than they used to be in the past where they purchased simply on their whims and impulse (Griffin, 2002). The same could hold true for the modernizing South Africa who might quite an than reject accept the fast fiction version of the American life.Defining the Changing South African MarketWith the advent of globalization it is not possible for any nation to remain cocooned in ones own narrow beliefs and cultural pretense. Although by and large the global society would undoubtedly amaze a multicultural and multi-lingual one there is enough evidence that heterogeneity would remain distinctively rooted within a larger homogeneity in existence e reallywhere. This homogeneity would be defined as the assimilation of all positive sides of huma n endeavors and linguistic aspects.Therefore, for projecting the Janet Evanovichs line of books the publishers need to mark the point through website and other media that the book is meant for the public simply as a form of diversion and not to transgress on their cultures and at the same time to inform them of the life style in contemporary America.Marketing is about meeting customers needs and developing their trust and loyalty (Doyle, 2000). In order to achieve these publishers would have to wean themselves away from the biasness of their own home country and fashion at book sale as a specific objective. Many marketers now distinguish a goal as a specific objective, a refinement of an objective and make it desirable (Rogers, 2001).In order to remove whatever friction that may cause by the introduction of the books the publishers may shrink promotions in an appealing way with due consideration given to the cultural aspects of each group. Not only can a celebrity endorsement c ampaign fit with the launch of Janet Evanovichs line of books by local artists, but the author can sign a few dozens of the initial promulgated copies.This can make the public more intimate with her style of writing and wouldnt try to put out any seemingly hidden motives. Utilizing a charitable outlet for a portion of the profits can enhance the sensitivity of the companys representation in the community (Hosier, 2010). Further, a special outset pricing could be offered so as to entice the potential customers who are usually in the age group within 16 to 60.Or a special discount could be offered for the first blow copies or the whole of the first published lot in South Africa only. Prices, reflect values, the value vendor believes their product possesses and which the buyer too perceives (Bradley, 2003). An intimate relationship is thus established between the consumers and with those who are very sentimental when their cultural values is seen under threat.Reference ListBradley Frank (2003). strategical Marketing In the Customer Driven Organization. Pricing Strategies and Tactics. 12, 221. Chichester, England. Wiley.Bagozzi P. Richard, Gurham-Cauli and Priester R. Joseph (2002). The Social Psychology of Consumer Behavior. Attitude Change. 5, 102. Philadelphia. Philadelphia Open University Press.Doyle Peter (2000). Value base Marketing Marketing Strategies for Corporate Growth and Shareholder Value. The Marketing Value Driver. 3, 69. New York. John Wiley Sons.England W. Travis (2009). bilingualist Education Lessons from abroad for Americas Pending Crisis. A. South Africa. Washington University Law Review.Griffin Jill (2002). Customer Loyalty. A Closer Look at Loyalty. 2, 17, San Francisco. Jossey-Bass.Hosier Bill (2010). Benevolent Marketing-Building Charitable Giving into the Business Model. Advertising, marketing, public relations community.OReilly Gillian (2010). Canadian Books Sell around the World. Fiction. Canadian Childrens book News.Proctor Tony (2000). Strategic Marketing. Segmentation, Target and Positioning. 10, 188. London. Routledge.Moyo Thamba (2009). Linguistic diversity and development the language question And Social justice in southerly Africa. The Mother Tongue Defined. Forum On Public Policy A Journal of the Oxford Round Table.

Analysis of Indias Automobile Industry

synopsis of Indias railroad gondolamobile effortFol meeking Indias occupy oning openness, the arrival of sassy and actual models, easy availability of pay at relatively pocket-sized rate of refer and price discounts offered by the bar cumulateers and manufacturers in all engender stirred the demand for vehicles and a strong fruit of the Indian motorcar sedulousness. The entropy obtained from ministry of commerce and diligence, shows spicy addition obtained since 2001- 02 in railroad carmobile production continuing in the first iii quarters of the 2004-05. Annual growth was 16.0 per penny in April-December, 2004 the growth rate in 2003-04 was 15.1 per cent The elevator carmobile labor grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22 per cent surrounded by 1992 and 1997. With investment exceeding Rs. 50,000 crore, the minuteover of the gondola fabrication exceeded Rs. 59,518 crore in 2002-03. Including overthrow of the gondola-comp one and exclusive ly(a)nt bena, the self- impel assiduitys turnover, which was above Rs. 84,000 crore in 2002-03, is estimated to af impregn qualified to exceeded Rs.1,00,000 crore ( USD 22. 74 billion) in 2003-04. Automobile Dealers Ne two(prenominal)rk in India.In name of Car monger networks and informantized service stations, Maruti targets the pack with Dealer networks and workshops across the country. The aboriginal(a) leading simple machinemobile manufacturers ar likewise trying to cope up and ar opening their service stations and head workshops in all the metros and major(ip) cities of the country. Dealers offer varying kind of discount of finances who in turn pass it on to the customers in the form of reduced interest rates.Major Manufacturers in Automobile manufactureMaruti Udyog Ltd.General pushs India crosswalk India Ltd.Eicher MotorsBajaj AutoDaewoo Motors IndiaHero MotorsHindustan MotorsHyundai Motor India Ltd.Royal Enfield MotorsTelcoTVS MotorsDC DesignsSwaraj Mazd a LtdGovernment has unaffixedized the norms for conflicting investment and spell go forth of engineering science and that appears to d novel benefited the railway carmobilemobile sector. The production of total vehicles increase from 4.2 trillion in 1998- 99 to 7.3 one million million in 2003-04. It is presumable that the production of such vehicles impart exceed 10 million in the contiguous couple of long time.The perseverance has adopted the world(a) standards and this was manifested in the increase exports of the sector. After a temporary refuse during 1998- 99 and 1999-00, such exports registered robust growth rates of well over 50 per cent in 2002-03 and 2003-04 each to exceed two and- a- half times the export figure for 2001-02.The Key Factors toilet This UpswingSales incentives, know takegeability of crude models as well as variants bring together with easy availability of number 1 speak to finance with comfortable repayment options continued to drive dem and and sales of gos during the first two quarters of the reliable year. The risk of an increase in the interest rates, the furbish up of delayed monsoons on agrestic demand, and increase in the cost of inputs such as steel be the key concerns for the players in the industry.As the players continue to forego new models and variants, the competition may intensify further. The ability of the players to contain costs and centralise on exports testament be critical for the performance of their applaudive companies.LITERATURE check intoAs celebrated by NMCC (2006), scrap of manufacturing sector is a real broadMulti-dimensional concept that embraces numerous aspects such as price, character,Productivity, Efficiency and macro-economic environment. The OECD commentary of Competitiveness, which is come together widely quoted, similarly considers employment and sustainability, small-arm being exposed to internationalist competition, as features pertaining to eng matureme nt. at that place be numerous studies on elevator car industry in India, published by industry associations, consultancy organisations, explore bodies and peer-reviewed journals. In this section, various studies on the Indian car industry are reviewed, to a lower place distinguishable heads pertaining to competitiveness, namely, world-wide coincidences, insurance indemnity environment and exploitation of the Indian political machine industry, productiveness, aspects related to generate-chain and industrial social organization and technology and some other aspects.Global ComparisonsThe Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India (ICRA, 2003) studies the competitiveness of the Indian political machine industry, by orbiculate comparisons of macro environment, policies and cost structure. This has a small account on the exploitation of the spheric simple machine industry. The United States was the first major player from 1900 to 1960, after which J apan took its place as the cost-efficient leader. appeal efficiency being the only real means in as jump on an industry as machines to retain or improve grocery share, orbicular auto manufacturers occupy been sourcing from the ontogeny countries. India and China halt emerged as favourite destinations for the first-tier OEMs since late 1980s.There are only a few overabundant Indian OEMs, musical composition the number of OEMs is very large in China (122 car manufacturers and 120 ride manufacturers). According to this exact, the major advantage of the Indian economy is educated and skilled workforce with knowledge of English. Our disadvantages embroil poor al-Qaida, intricate tax structure, inflexible agitate laws, inter-state policy conflicts and inconsistencies. The drivers of Chinese economic growth are FDI, toil productivity growth, which was 1.5 times higher than that in India in the last decade, and house servant help demand. Fiscal pressure is mounting on th e Chinese governing, while India is in a purify state. Based on comparisons of cost composition to boom the areas in which the Indian auto industry is at a disadvantage, this find out recommends a VAT governing, nimble procedures, imports duty cuts on raw materials, common testing and concept facility, sweat reforms, up gradation of convention and design capabilities and brand demonstrateing.ICRA (2004a) analyses the implications of the India-ASEAN5 Free take systems for the Indian self-propelled industry. ASEAN economies are globally more corporate than India. The current size of Indian and ASEAN market for automobiles is more or less the alike(p) besides the Indian market has a larger growth potential than the ASEAN market ascribable to the low take aim of penetration. The labour cost is low in India but the stringent labour regulations erode this advantage. The train of infrastructure is split up in India than Indonesia and the Philippines but worse than tha t in other ASEAN countries. The financial and banking sector is violate in India than in the ASEAN countries. The study nones that at that place is a huge excess capacity in ASEAN countries, in comparison with that in India, which will help them to tackle the excess demand that may arise in future. The study finds a 20-30 per cent cost disadvantage for Indian companies on account of taxation and infrastructure and 5-20 per cent labour cost advantage over comparableASEAN-member- base companies. Similar findings are noned in a study by the Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India (ACMA, 2004), oddly in comparison with Thailand.ICRA (2004b) analyses the impact of Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) with MERCOSUR on the automobile sector in India. This study finds a substantive threat of imports in sub-compact and compact cars and certain auto- dowers. There is huge excess capacity and extreme competition in MERCOSUR countries, propelling them to look for export opp ortunities. This is true especially of brazil nut, which has a well developed auto- member sector with huge economies of weighing machine. Further, rachitic currency in all MERCOSUR countries provides a earthy tariff barrier. In addition, MERCOSUR countries father an equitable order within themselves to cast a balanced trade, with fair level of exports and imports. The Indian auto industry could gain from this PTA with MERCOSUR only if it is assured of the balanced trade, as MERCOSUR countries practise among themselves.ICRA (2005) studies the possible impact of FTA with entropy Africa on the Indian automobile industry. The study finds that there are a few policies in southbound Africa that indirectly subsidise the auto industry, unlike India, in term of financial grants. Hence it is suggested that India could minimise losings only if it goes for inclusion body of certain auto components, which involve huge logistic costs of imports, creating a natural defendion (for examp le, stampings, glass, seats, plastics and tyres) and those in which India enjoys economies of scale and is cost-competitive (e.g. castings and forgings) in this FTA. If South Africa is ready to discontinue the schemes such as Motor Industry emergence Programme (MIDP), India could include all automotive components in this FTA. There should be a minimum topical anaesthetic content of 60 per cent and the agreement should not be trade reconciliation as India will not gain oftentimes in that case.Policy Environment and Evolution of Indian Auto IndustryIn this section, studies on the policy environment pertaining to the Indian auto industry and its evolution over the years mother been reviewed.Pingle (2000) reviews the policy framework of Indias automobile industry and its impact on its growth. eon the ties between bureaucrats and the managers of state-owned enterprises play a positive constituent especially since the late 1980s, ties between politicians and industrialists and betw een politicians and labour leaders tote up hinder the growth. The first configuration of 1940s and 1950s was characterised by socialist ideology and vested interests, pass oning in shield to the domestic auto industry and opening barriers for orthogonal pisseds. There was a unspoiled relationship between politicians and industrialists in this phase, but bureaucrats played little role. Development of ancillaries segment as recommended by the L.K. Jha Committee idea in 1960 was a major event that took place towards the end of this phase. During the second phase of rules, regulations and politics, many semipolitical developments and economic problems affected the auto industry, especially passenger cars segment, in the 1960s and 1970s. though politicians picked winners and losers principally by licensing production, this situation changed with oil crises and other related political and macro-economic constraints. The third phase starting time in the early 1980s was charac terised by delicensing, relaxation method and opening up of FDI in the auto sector. These policies resulted in the establishment of new LCV manufacturers (for example, Swaraj Mazda, DCM Toyota) and passenger car manufacturers.7 All these developments led to structural changes in the Indian auto industry. Pingle argues that state noise and ownership need not imply poor results and performance, as demonstrated by Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL). Further, the noncontractual relations between bureaucrats and MUL dictated most of the policies in the 1980s, which were biased towards passenger cars and MUL in particular.However, DCosta (2002) argues that MULs triumph is not particularly attributable to the support from bureaucrats. Rather, any quick that is as good as MUL in terms of scale economies, first-comer advantage, affordability, product novelty, consumer pickax, financing schemes and extensive servicing networks would endure perform as well, even in the absence of bureaucratic su pport. DCosta has other criticisms about Pingle (2000). The major shortcoming of Pingles study is that it ignores the issues related to sectorspecific technologies and regional differences across the country.Piplai (2001) examines the make of liberalisation on the Indian vehicle industry, in terms of production, marketing, export, technology tie-up, product upgradation and profitability. money box the 1940s, the Indian auto industry was non-existent, since automobile were import from General Motors and Ford. In early 1940s, Hindustan Motors and Premier Auto started, by importing know-how from General Motors and Fiat respectively. Since the 1950s, a few other companies entered the market for two-wheelers and commercial vehicles. However, most of them either imported or indigenously produced auto-components, till the mid-1950s, when India had launched import substitution programme, thereby resulting in a distinctly weaken auto-component sector. Due to the high degree of regulation and protection in the 1970s and 1980s, the reforms in the early mid-nineties had led to a boom in the auto industry till 1996, but the response of the industry in terms of massive expansion of capacities and entry of multinationals led to an acute over-capacity. strong competition had led to price wars and aggressive cost-cutting measures including layoffs and large-scale retrenchment. While Indian companies started foc using on the price-sensitive commercially used vehicles, contradictory companies continued utilizing their expertise on technology-intensive vehicles for individual and corporate uses. Thus, Piplai concludes that vehicle industry has not gained much from the reforms, other than being thrusted upon a high degree of unsustainable competition. In August 2006, a indite of Automotive bang Plan Statement prepared in consultation with the industry was released by the Ministry of soggy Industries and Public Enterprises. This was lastly released as a report in December 2006. This document draws an action contrive to take the turnover of the automotive industry in India to US$145 billion by 2016, news report for more than 10 per cent of the GDP and providing additional employment to 25 million people, by 2016. A special idiom is laid on small cars, MUVs, two-wheelers and auto-components. Measures suggested include setting up of a topic Auto Institute, streamlining government/educational/research institutions to the needs of the auto industry, upgrading infrastructure, considering changes in duty structure and financial incentives for RD.Similarly, NMCC (2006), which lays down a national strategy for manufacturing, recognises the importance of the Indian automobile and auto-component industry, particularly the latter, as a competitive knowledge-based industry with colossal employment generation potential.McKinsey (2005) predicts the growth potential of India-based automotive component manufacturing at most cholecalciferol per cent, from 2005 to 2015. This report describes the initiatives required from industry players, the Government and the ACMA to take in this potential. This study was based on interviews and workshops with 20 suppliers and 7 OEMs and survey with ACMA members. Increase in cost pressures on OEMs in developed countries, coupled with the emergence of skilled, cost-competitive suppliers in Low Cost Countries (LCCs), is likely to facilitate further acceleration of sourcing of automotive components from LCCs. The depth psychology identifies strong engineering science skills and an emerging culture of cost-competitiveness as the major strengths of the Indian auto component sector, while its weaknesses include slow up growth in domestic demand and structural disadvantages such as agent tariffs and indirect taxes. The policy recommendations of this study include VAT implementation, lower indirect taxes, power reforms, tax benefits relate to export earnings, duty-cut for raw material imports, RD incentiv es for a longer period, establishment of auto parks, benefits for export-seeking investments, human resources development and modernisation fund for new investments in auto clusters. Industry players have been advised to improve their operational performance, get back their strategic pattern as one among those identified in the study, improve capabilities in line with their placement and invest very apace in a planned manner. ACMA needs to rear India as a brand, enable sourcing from India by global customers and promote the quality and productivity efforts of the auto component firms in India.ACMA (2006) notes that Indias connectedness the WP (Working Party) 29 1998 Agreement for global harmonisation of automotive standards, coupled with the funding of National Automotive interrogatory and Research fundament Project (NATRIP) by the Government of India, has increased prospects of the Indian auto industry come up up to global standards in the near future, in all aspects.Naraya nan (1998) analyses the effects of deregulation policy on technology skill and competitiveness in the Indian automobile industry during the 1980s and finds that competitiveness has depended on the ability to build practiced advantages, even in an era of capacity-licensing. In a liberalised regime, this would depend on firms ability to bring about technological changes, as inferred from the behaviour of new firms in the sample considered. Further, just integration could score over subcontracting in a liberal regime. This is probably because of the entry of new abroad firms that produce technologically superior and guaranteed quality vehicles and choose to produce most of the components in-house.8 Narayanan (2004) analyses the determinants of growth of Indian automobile firms during three divers(prenominal) policy regimes, namely, licensing (1980-81 to 1984-85), deregulation (1985-86 to 1990-91) and liberalisation (1991-92 to 1995-96). Un like the prediction by Narayanan (1998), this study finds that erect integration is noisome for growth in a liberalised regime as it potentially limits diversification. Narayanan (2006) also finds that upright integration plays a positive role in a regulated regime, while it is not contributory for export competitiveness in a liberal regime.Kathuria (1995) notes that the time-bound indigenization programme for commercial vehicles in the 1980s facilitated the upgradation of marketer skills and modifying vehicles to suit local anaesthetic conditions, which demand functional efficiency, overloading capabilities, fuel economy, frequent changes in speed and easy invigorate and maintenance. Kathuria also mentions that the choice between upended integration and subcontracting crucially depends on the policy regime In a liberal regime, plumb integration may not work.ProductivitySharma (2006) analyses the performance of the Indian auto industry with respect to the productivity growth. Partial and total factor productivity of the Indian automobile industry have been careful for the period from 1990-91 to 2003-04, using the Divisia- Tornquist index for the estimation of the total factor productivity growth. The author finds that the domestic auto industry has registered a negative and in probatory productivity growth during the last one and a half decade. Among the partial factor productivity indices only labour productivity has seen a significant improvement, while the productivity of other three inputs (capital, energy and materials) havent shown any significant improvement. Labour productivity has increased mainly due to the increase in the capital intensity, which has grown at a rate of 0.14 per cent per annum from 1990-91 to 2003-04.Aspects Related to bestow Chain and Industrial StructureIn this section, the studies that examine the aspects pertaining to local and global auto add together gyves as well as the structure of the Indian auto industry are reviewed.Humphrey (1999) compares the impac t of globalization on deliver chain networks in the auto industry in brazil and India. According to Humphrey, global auto industry hubs were fit(p) in three regions, namely, North America, Western europium and Japan. Brazil and India are examples of the countries which could develop the indigenous auto industry disrespect not being situated very close to any of these regions. Hence, Humphrey compares the auto industries in these two countries. This study considers auto industry as a producer-driven good chain, wherein global auto assemblers control the entire tag on chain from components to dealerships. While the global auto assembly majors used to produce 60-70 per cent of the value inhouse till the 1980s, various phenomenal developments have started victorious place since the 1980s, such as the emergence of independent dealers and rise of catalogue suppliers who supply their standard and indigenously designed components/modules to many assemblers. Brazil and India had libe ralised auto investments and tariff structure since 1990. Prior to 1991, India had a much more protectionist regime than Brazil, in terms of licensing and quantitative restrictions on both imports and domestic production. Inflows of auto FDI occurred in both the countries since the mid-1990s. Further, Brazil and India have emerged as preferred suppliers for global auto assemblers. When the global auto assemblers entered India and Brazil, the phenomenon of arrive-source was also happening. Now, there are parallel global networks of both assemblers and Tier-1 suppliers. Even Indian component suppliers have opportunities to enter the global auto supply chains, mainly in low technology products made to detailed drawings but the situation for domestic industry is diminishing. With the global centralization of product engineering, skill requirements are likely to be immense in process engineering, particularly in assemblers and Tier-1 component manufacturers.Sutton (2000) compares the a uto-component supply chains in India and China, based on field surveys. In both these countries, the supply chain has developed very rapidly at the level of car makers and Tier-1 suppliers, with quality levels close to world standards, largely driven by the entry of multinational car makers. But, the Tier-2 suppliers are lull not up to the global standards. The domestic content requirements, based on the baby industry argument, have helped the international car makers in enhancing the production capabilities of the domestic players effectively, as shown by increases in auto-component exports from India and China. Of the top ten exporting firms in India and China, five and six are domestic ones, respectively. Enhanced supply-chain capabilities have benefited the domestic auto-makers as well, such as Mahindra and Mahindra in India, who have been able to capture a salubrious market share with their indigenously designed and assembled MUV. Some leading component producers in China and India strategically use highly capital intensive techniques such as robotics, occasionally, despite the low wages, mainly on account of their concerns to achieve high levels of quality. This in combination with employing high-quality workforce even at shop stage is another strategic choice of a few leading firms in India, to promote exports. Many Tier-1 firms follow the standardJapanese work practices to improve quality and minimise costs. Interactions between carmakers and component suppliers have also helped the latter improve quality.Addressing a larger question of the impact of Foreign send Investment (FDI) on the domestic industry and economy, Tewari (2000) studies the automotive supply chain of Tamil Nadu, based on field surveys. Studies such as Humphrey (1999) show that entry of global auto majors in India and Brazil have impeded domestic firms, while this study shows evidence for the fact that medium-sized firms, which entered in the mid-1990s in Tamil Nadu have formed ne tworks with smaller domestic suppliers and helped them upgrade their technologies. These medium-sized suppliers require more support from the government, since they play a crucial role in facilitating the development of the domestic auto industry. Joint ventures and technical tie-ups with overseas suppliers have been the strategies that were followed by well-performing auto component manufacturers, long before the global auto majors entered India. These relationships and the entry of foreign OEMs not only promote employment and income, but also diffusion of technologies and knowledge to the entire supply chain, including smaller firms.Veloso and Kumar (2002) provide an overview of the major trends winning place in the global automotive industry, emphasising on the Asiatic market. Consumer preferences, government regulations and intense competition have been driving the firms towards new technologies, modernisation, research and changes in design and production. commercialize satu ration in Triad regions (the United States, Western Europe and Japan) and rapid emergence of markets in Asia have led to increasing diversity in market needs. As a result, there are many models and segments coming up rapidly. Auto majors have started adopting a global perspective and reorganising their vehicle portfolio around product platforms, modules and systems. They are also minimising the number of suppliers, by opting for bigger ones, based on cost and quality competitiveness, RD capacity and proximity to development centres. Mergers and acquisitions are taking place for consolidation. Suppliers have been taking new roles, as systems integrators, global standardiser-systems manufacturers, component specialists and raw material suppliers. These roles are based on their focus, market presence, critical capabilities and types of components and systems. The automobile industry in India had been facing the problem of overcapacity by 2000 and the auto-component sector was not so d eveloped as to be able to deliver products of world-class quality. Chinese tariff and quota policies, coupled with local content regulations protect the auto industry in China immensely. However, the Chinese auto industry suffers from fragmentation, lower quality, lack of technological upgradation and managerial skills. desegregation and liberalisation that are happening recently in China are expect to promote its auto industry. Auto industries in the ASEAN and Korea have recovered quickly from the Asian crisis of 1998. This report concludes with round aspects that any study on auto sector should focus on, such as evaluation of the capabilities of auto-component supply chain both large and small suppliers, strategies of OEMs, cost, delivery, dependability, quality, product development, process development, flexibility, facilities/equipment, technology, process, workforce and organisation, logistics and supply chain, research and engineering and interfaces.ACMA (2006) presents the recent trends in the Indian auto industry as a whole and their implications for automotive supply chain in India. The market-oriented growth and growing automobile industry in India have ensured bright prospects for the Indian autocomponent sector, which is vibrant and competitive. huge future growth potential of the automobile industry and increased access to consumer finance may lead India to a place among the top five automotive economies by 2025. Most of the ACMA members have at least(prenominal) one standards certification. They are embracing world-class modern shop-floor practices. The auto-component sector has been showing high rates of growth ofproduction and exports, with a comprehensive production range, transforming as an attractive OEMs Tier-1 supplier. Many leading OEMs and Tier-1 companies have plans of sourcing from Indian auto-component manufacturers, who are scaling up, establishing partnerships in India and abroad, acquiring foreign companies and establishing Gr eenfield investments overseas. Proficiency in understanding technical drawings, understanding of assorted global standards, appropriate automation, flexibility in small-batch production and use of Information applied science (IT) for design, development and theoretical account are some of the growing capabilities among Indian auto-component manufacturers. India is expected to emerge as the side by side(p) big automotive RD base, given its IT capabilities coupled with automotive domain knowledge and shifting of automotive design centres to India, by global MNCs, as it is a potentially excellent base for prototyping, testing, validating and producing auto-components.Technology and separate AspectsKathuria (1996) analyses the Commercial Vehicles (CV) industry in India in a detailed manner, dwelling on the concepts of vertical integration and subcontracting, production technology and technological change. After an overview of the global auto industry, Kathuria traces the development s in the Indian auto industry from the 1950s to 1991. To tax the competitiveness of Indian commercial vehicles manufacturers in the domestic market, growth trends, structural trends, market shares, profitability, productivity ratios, prices, quality, dealer network and performance are analysed. Macro and micro performance of Indias vehicle exports with major markets and Indian vehicle characteristics have been outlined, along with an analysis of global demand patterns. Domestic resource costs and global comparison of prices, credit and service are the other international trade-related aspects analysed in this study. On vertical integration, the analysis leads to the oddment that the Indian CV industry needs to fill from the international experience to get into subcontracting and buying-in. Lack of scales and high inventories had impeded the competitiveness of Indian CV firms in the 1980s.RD capabilities and new product ranges were the result of the challenges arising from time-bo und indigenisation programme, but still Indian technology frontier remained far below global levels. Further, different firms have followed very different strategies and hence the impacts on their technological capabilities were also very different. However, success of Indian firms despite such a wide range of strategies is partly due to the protection available to them in the domestic market. Kathuria concludes that the Indian auto industry in general and CV industry in particular, have a lot to learn from the global auto industry, in terms of best-practice technology and vertical integration and supplier relationship. The study justifiedly predicted that the industry would see heightened activity and recommended that the government should ensure that the domestic firms do not lose out because of the unrestricted entry of highly competitive foreign firms.Narayanan (1998) finds that during the 1980s, technology acquisition done imports of technology and in-house RD efforts explain s much of differences in competitiveness, as measured by changes in market share, at the firm level, in the Indian automobile industry. Based on an econometric analysis, which considers technology acquisition, skill intensity, component imports, firm size, product differentiation, age and vertical integration as the determinants of competitiveness, Narayanan finds that competitiveness has depended on the ability to build technological advantages, even in an era of capacity licensing. This is facilitated by complementing imported technology with in-house RD efforts.Narayanan (2004) uses two-way fixed effects estimation of the firm growth as a function of variables capturing technology, such as RD expenditure as a ratio of sales, foreign equity participation and import of capital goods. Role of technology depends on the technological regime in which the firm operates. In a licensed regime, firms with foreign equity grow faster because of better access to resources and technology. In a deregulated regime, import of capital goods has been the technology-related variable that triggered growth. In a liberal regime, growth is positively influenced by the intra-firm technology transfer.Narayanan (2006) analyses the determinants of export intensity of Indian automobile firms using a Tobit model, taking the variables discussed in Narayanan (1998) and Narayanan (2004) as the determinants. This study is based on the premises that there is a systematic difference in the characteristics and performance between the firms that export and those which sell in the domestic market, mainly in terms of technology acquisition, which in turn depends on the policy regime. Technology acquisition, firm size, vertical integration, capital intensity, imports of components and policy regime are found to be the main determinants of export competitiveness, by this analysis. analysis OF LITERATURE REVIEWThe studies reviewed so far were of a wide range in terms of objectives,Analysis of Indias Automobile IndustryAnalysis of Indias Automobile IndustryFollowing Indias growing openness, the arrival of new and existing models, easy availability of finance at relatively low rate of interest and price discounts offered by the dealers and manufacturers all have stirred the demand for vehicles and a strong growth of the Indian automobile industry. The data obtained from ministry of commerce and industry, shows high growth obtained since 2001- 02 in automobile production continuing in the first three quarters of the 2004-05. Annual growth was 16.0 per cent in April-December, 2004 the growth rate in 2003-04 was 15.1 per cent The automobile industry grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22 per cent between 1992 and 1997. With investment exceeding Rs. 50,000 crore, the turnover of the automobile industry exceeded Rs. 59,518 crore in 2002-03. Including turnover of the auto-component sector, the automotive industrys turnover, which was above Rs. 84,000 crore in 2002-03, is e stimated to have exceeded Rs.1,00,000 crore ( USD 22. 74 billion) in 2003-04. Automobile Dealers Network in India.In terms of Car dealer networks and authorized service stations, Maruti leads the pack with Dealer networks and workshops across the country. The other leading automobile manufacturers are also trying to cope up and are opening their service stations and dealer workshops in all the metros and major cities of the country. Dealers offer varying kind of discount of finances who in turn pass it on to the customers in the form of reduced interest rates.Major Manufacturers in Automobile IndustryMaruti Udyog Ltd.General Motors IndiaFord India Ltd.Eicher MotorsBajaj AutoDaewoo Motors IndiaHero MotorsHindustan MotorsHyundai Motor India Ltd.Royal Enfield MotorsTelcoTVS MotorsDC DesignsSwaraj Mazda LtdGovernment has liberalized the norms for foreign investment and import of technology and that appears to have benefited the automobile sector. The production of total vehicles increas ed from 4.2 million in 1998- 99 to 7.3 million in 2003-04. It is likely that the production of such vehicles will exceed 10 million in the next couple of years.The industry has adopted the global standards and this was manifested in the increasing exports of the sector. After a temporary slump during 1998- 99 and 1999-00, such exports registered robust growth rates of well over 50 per cent in 2002-03 and 2003-04 each to exceed two and- a-half times the export figure for 2001-02.The Key Factors Behind This UpswingSales incentives, introduction of new models as well as variants coupled with easy availability of low cost finance with comfortable repayment options continued to drive demand and sales of automobiles during the first two quarters of the current year. The risk of an increase in the interest rates, the impact of delayed monsoons on rural demand, and increase in the costs of inputs such as steel are the key concerns for the players in the industry.As the players continue to i ntroduce new models and variants, the competition may intensify further. The ability of the players to contain costs and focus on exports will be critical for the performance of their respective companies.LITERATURE REVIEWAs noted by NMCC (2006), competitiveness of manufacturing sector is a very broadMulti-dimensional concept that embraces numerous aspects such as price, quality,Productivity, Efficiency and macro-economic environment. The OECD definition of Competitiveness, which is most widely quoted, also considers employment and sustainability, while being exposed to international competition, as features pertaining to competitiveness. There are numerous studies on auto industry in India, published by industry associations, consultancy organisations, research bodies and peer-reviewed journals. In this section, various studies on the Indian auto industry are reviewed, under different heads pertaining to competitiveness, namely, global comparisons, policy environment and evolution of the Indian auto industry, productivity, aspects related to supply-chain and industrial structure and technology and other aspects.Global ComparisonsThe Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India (ICRA, 2003) studies the competitiveness of the Indian auto industry, by global comparisons of macro environment, policies and cost structure. This has a detailed account on the evolution of the global auto industry. The United States was the first major player from 1900 to 1960, after which Japan took its place as the cost-efficient leader. Cost efficiency being the only real means in as mature an industry as automobiles to retain or improve market share, global auto manufacturers have been sourcing from the developing countries. India and China have emerged as favourite destinations for the first-tier OEMs since late 1980s.There are only a few dominant Indian OEMs, while the number of OEMs is very large in China (122 car manufacturers and 120 motorcycle manufacturers). Acc ording to this study, the major advantage of the Indian economy is educated and skilled workforce with knowledge of English. Our disadvantages include poor infrastructure, complicated tax structure, inflexible labour laws, inter-state policy differences and inconsistencies. The drivers of Chinese economic growth are FDI, labour productivity growth, which was 1.5 times higher than that in India in the last decade, and domestic demand. Fiscal pressure is mounting on the Chinese government, while India is in a better state. Based on comparisons of cost composition to pinpoint the areas in which the Indian auto industry is at a disadvantage, this study recommends a VAT regime, speedy procedures, imports duty cuts on raw materials, common testing and design facility, labour reforms, up gradation of design and engineering capabilities and brand building.ICRA (2004a) analyses the implications of the India-ASEAN5 Free Trade Agreements for the Indian automotive industry. ASEAN economies are globally more integrated than India. The current size of Indian and ASEAN market for automobiles is more or less the same but the Indian market has a larger growth potential than the ASEAN market due to the low level of penetration. The labour cost is low in India but the stringent labour regulations erode this advantage. The level of infrastructure is better in India than Indonesia and the Philippines but worse than that in other ASEAN countries. The financial and banking sector is better in India than in the ASEAN countries. The study notes that there is a huge excess capacity in ASEAN countries, in comparison with that in India, which will help them to tackle the excess demand that may arise in future. The study finds a 20-30 per cent cost disadvantage for Indian companies on account of taxation and infrastructure and 5-20 per cent labour cost advantage over comparableASEAN-member-based companies. Similar findings are noted in a study by the Automotive Component Manufacturers Ass ociation of India (ACMA, 2004), particularly in comparison with Thailand.ICRA (2004b) analyses the impact of Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) with MERCOSUR on the automobile sector in India. This study finds a significant threat of imports in sub-compact and compact cars and certain auto-components. There is huge excess capacity and intense competition in MERCOSUR countries, propelling them to look for export opportunities. This is true especially of Brazil, which has a well developed auto-component sector with huge economies of scale. Further, weak currency in all MERCOSUR countries provides a natural tariff barrier. In addition, MERCOSUR countries have an equitable arrangement within themselves to have a balanced trade, with fair level of exports and imports. The Indian auto industry could gain from this PTA with MERCOSUR only if it is assured of the balanced trade, as MERCOSUR countries practise among themselves.ICRA (2005) studies the possible impact of FTA with South Africa o n the Indian automobile industry. The study finds that there are a few policies in South Africa that indirectly subsidise the auto industry, unlike India, in terms of financial grants. Hence it is suggested that India could minimise losses only if it goes for inclusion of certain auto components, which involve huge logistic costs of imports, creating a natural protection (for example, stampings, glass, seats, plastics and tyres) and those in which India enjoys economies of scale and is cost-competitive (e.g. castings and forgings) in this FTA. If South Africa is ready to discontinue the schemes such as Motor Industry Development Programme (MIDP), India could include all automotive components in this FTA. There should be a minimum local content of 60 per cent and the agreement should not be trade balancing as India will not gain much in that case.Policy Environment and Evolution of Indian Auto IndustryIn this section, studies on the policy environment pertaining to the Indian auto in dustry and its evolution over the years have been reviewed.Pingle (2000) reviews the policy framework of Indias automobile industry and its impact on its growth. While the ties between bureaucrats and the managers of state-owned enterprises played a positive role especially since the late 1980s, ties between politicians and industrialists and between politicians and labour leaders have impeded the growth. The first phase of 1940s and 1950s was characterised by socialist ideology and vested interests, resulting in protection to the domestic auto industry and entry barriers for foreign firms. There was a good relationship between politicians and industrialists in this phase, but bureaucrats played little role. Development of ancillaries segment as recommended by the L.K. Jha Committee report in 1960 was a major event that took place towards the end of this phase. During the second phase of rules, regulations and politics, many political developments and economic problems affected the auto industry, especially passenger cars segment, in the 1960s and 1970s. Though politicians picked winners and losers mainly by licensing production, this situation changed with oil crises and other related political and macro-economic constraints. The third phase starting in the early 1980s was characterised by delicensing, liberalisation and opening up of FDI in the auto sector. These policies resulted in the establishment of new LCV manufacturers (for example, Swaraj Mazda, DCM Toyota) and passenger car manufacturers.7 All these developments led to structural changes in the Indian auto industry. Pingle argues that state intervention and ownership need not imply poor results and performance, as demonstrated by Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL). Further, the noncontractual relations between bureaucrats and MUL dictated most of the policies in the 1980s, which were biased towards passenger cars and MUL in particular.However, DCosta (2002) argues that MULs success is not particularly attri butable to the support from bureaucrats. Rather, any firm that is as good as MUL in terms of scale economies, first-comer advantage, affordability, product novelty, consumer choice, financing schemes and extensive servicing networks would have performed as well, even in the absence of bureaucratic support. DCosta has other criticisms about Pingle (2000). The major shortcoming of Pingles study is that it ignores the issues related to sectorspecific technologies and regional differences across the country.Piplai (2001) examines the effects of liberalisation on the Indian vehicle industry, in terms of production, marketing, export, technology tie-up, product upgradation and profitability. Till the 1940s, the Indian auto industry was non-existent, since automobile were imported from General Motors and Ford. In early 1940s, Hindustan Motors and Premier Auto started, by importing know-how from General Motors and Fiat respectively. Since the 1950s, a few other companies entered the market for two-wheelers and commercial vehicles. However, most of them either imported or indigenously produced auto-components, till the mid-1950s, when India had launched import substitution programme, thereby resulting in a distinctly separate auto-component sector. Due to the high degree of regulation and protection in the 1970s and 1980s, the reforms in the early 1990s had led to a boom in the auto industry till 1996, but the response of the industry in terms of massive expansion of capacities and entry of multinationals led to an acute over-capacity. Intense competition had led to price wars and aggressive cost-cutting measures including layoffs and large-scale retrenchment. While Indian companies started focusing on the price-sensitive commercially used vehicles, foreign companies continued utilizing their expertise on technology-intensive vehicles for individual and corporate uses. Thus, Piplai concludes that vehicle industry has not gained much from the reforms, other than being t hrusted upon a high degree of unsustainable competition. In August 2006, a Draft of Automotive Mission Plan Statement prepared in consultation with the industry was released by the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. This was finally released as a report in December 2006. This document draws an action plan to take the turnover of the automotive industry in India to US$145 billion by 2016, accounting for more than 10 per cent of the GDP and providing additional employment to 25 million people, by 2016. A special emphasis is laid on small cars, MUVs, two-wheelers and auto-components. Measures suggested include setting up of a National Auto Institute, streamlining government/educational/research institutions to the needs of the auto industry, upgrading infrastructure, considering changes in duty structure and fiscal incentives for RD.Similarly, NMCC (2006), which lays down a national strategy for manufacturing, recognises the importance of the Indian automobile and aut o-component industry, particularly the latter, as a competitive knowledge-based industry with immense employment generation potential.McKinsey (2005) predicts the growth potential of India-based automotive component manufacturing at around 500 per cent, from 2005 to 2015. This report describes the initiatives required from industry players, the Government and the ACMA to capture this potential. This study was based on interviews and workshops with 20 suppliers and 7 OEMs and survey with ACMA members. Increase in cost pressures on OEMs in developed countries, coupled with the emergence of skilled, cost-competitive suppliers in Low Cost Countries (LCCs), is likely to facilitate further acceleration of sourcing of automotive components from LCCs. The analysis identifies strong engineering skills and an emerging culture of cost-competitiveness as the major strengths of the Indian auto component sector, while its weaknesses include slow growth in domestic demand and structural disadvanta ges such as power tariffs and indirect taxes. The policy recommendations of this study include VAT implementation, lower indirect taxes, power reforms, tax benefits linked to export earnings, duty-cut for raw material imports, RD incentives for a longer period, establishment of auto parks, benefits for export-seeking investments, human resources development and modernisation fund for new investments in auto clusters. Industry players have been advised to improve their operational performance, determine their strategic posture as one among those identified in the study, improve capabilities in line with their posture and invest very rapidly in a planned manner. ACMA needs to promote India as a brand, enable sourcing from India by global customers and promote the quality and productivity efforts of the auto component firms in India.ACMA (2006) notes that Indias joining the WP (Working Party) 29 1998 Agreement for global harmonisation of automotive standards, coupled with the funding o f National Automotive Testing and Research Infrastructure Project (NATRIP) by the Government of India, has increased prospects of the Indian auto industry rising up to global standards in the near future, in all aspects.Narayanan (1998) analyses the effects of deregulation policy on technology acquisition and competitiveness in the Indian automobile industry during the 1980s and finds that competitiveness has depended on the ability to build technological advantages, even in an era of capacity-licensing. In a liberalised regime, this would depend on firms ability to bring about technological changes, as inferred from the behaviour of new firms in the sample considered. Further, vertical integration could score over subcontracting in a liberal regime. This is probably because of the entry of new foreign firms that produce technologically superior and guaranteed quality vehicles and choose to produce most of the components in-house.8 Narayanan (2004) analyses the determinants of growt h of Indian automobile firms during three different policy regimes, namely, licensing (1980-81 to 1984-85), deregulation (1985-86 to 1990-91) and liberalisation (1991-92 to 1995-96). Un like the prediction by Narayanan (1998), this study finds that vertical integration is detrimental for growth in a liberalised regime as it potentially limits diversification. Narayanan (2006) also finds that vertical integration plays a positive role in a regulated regime, while it is not conducive for export competitiveness in a liberal regime.Kathuria (1995) notes that the time-bound indigenization programme for commercial vehicles in the 1980s facilitated the upgradation of vendor skills and modifying vehicles to suit local conditions, which demand functional efficiency, overloading capabilities, fuel economy, frequent changes in speed and easy repair and maintenance. Kathuria also mentions that the choice between vertical integration and subcontracting crucially depends on the policy regime In a liberal regime, vertical integration may not work.ProductivitySharma (2006) analyses the performance of the Indian auto industry with respect to the productivity growth. Partial and total factor productivity of the Indian automobile industry have been calculated for the period from 1990-91 to 2003-04, using the Divisia- Tornquist index for the estimation of the total factor productivity growth. The author finds that the domestic auto industry has registered a negative and insignificant productivity growth during the last one and a half decade. Among the partial factor productivity indices only labour productivity has seen a significant improvement, while the productivity of other three inputs (capital, energy and materials) havent shown any significant improvement. Labour productivity has increased mainly due to the increase in the capital intensity, which has grown at a rate of 0.14 per cent per annum from 1990-91 to 2003-04.Aspects Related to Supply Chain and Industrial Structure In this section, the studies that examine the aspects pertaining to local and global auto supply chains as well as the structure of the Indian auto industry are reviewed.Humphrey (1999) compares the impact of globalisation on supply chain networks in the auto industry in Brazil and India. According to Humphrey, global auto industry hubs were situated in three regions, namely, North America, Western Europe and Japan. Brazil and India are examples of the countries which could develop the indigenous auto industry despite not being situated very close to any of these regions. Hence, Humphrey compares the auto industries in these two countries. This study considers auto industry as a producer-driven commodity chain, wherein global auto assemblers control the entire supply chain from components to dealerships. While the global auto assembly majors used to produce 60-70 per cent of the value inhouse till the 1980s, various phenomenal developments have started taking place since the 1980s, such as the emergence of independent dealers and rise of catalogue suppliers who supply their standard and indigenously designed components/modules to many assemblers. Brazil and India had liberalised auto investments and tariff structure since 1990. Prior to 1991, India had a much more protectionist regime than Brazil, in terms of licensing and quantitative restrictions on both imports and domestic production. Inflows of auto FDI occurred in both the countries since the mid-1990s. Further, Brazil and India have emerged as preferred suppliers for global auto assemblers. When the global auto assemblers entered India and Brazil, the phenomenon of follow-source was also happening. Now, there are parallel global networks of both assemblers and Tier-1 suppliers. Even Indian component suppliers have opportunities to enter the global auto supply chains, mainly in low technology products made to detailed drawings but the space for domestic industry is diminishing. With the global centraliza tion of product engineering, skill requirements are likely to be immense in process engineering, particularly in assemblers and Tier-1 component manufacturers.Sutton (2000) compares the auto-component supply chains in India and China, based on field surveys. In both these countries, the supply chain has developed very rapidly at the level of car makers and Tier-1 suppliers, with quality levels close to world standards, largely driven by the entry of multinational car makers. But, the Tier-2 suppliers are still not up to the global standards. The domestic content requirements, based on the infant industry argument, have helped the international car makers in enhancing the production capabilities of the domestic players effectively, as shown by increases in auto-component exports from India and China. Of the top ten exporting firms in India and China, five and six are domestic ones, respectively. Enhanced supply-chain capabilities have benefited the domestic auto-makers as well, such as Mahindra and Mahindra in India, who have been able to capture a sizeable market share with their indigenously designed and assembled MUV. Some leading component producers in China and India strategically use highly capital intensive techniques such as robotics, occasionally, despite the low wages, mainly on account of their concerns to achieve high levels of quality. This in combination with employing high-quality workforce even at shop floor is another strategic choice of a few leading firms in India, to promote exports. Many Tier-1 firms follow the standardJapanese work practices to improve quality and minimise costs. Interactions between carmakers and component suppliers have also helped the latter improve quality.Addressing a larger question of the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the domestic industry and economy, Tewari (2000) studies the automotive supply chain of Tamil Nadu, based on field surveys. Studies such as Humphrey (1999) show that entry of global auto majors in India and Brazil have impeded domestic firms, while this study shows evidence for the fact that medium-sized firms, which entered in the mid-1990s in Tamil Nadu have formed networks with smaller domestic suppliers and helped them upgrade their technologies. These medium-sized suppliers require more support from the government, since they play a crucial role in facilitating the development of the domestic auto industry. Joint ventures and technical tie-ups with overseas suppliers have been the strategies that were followed by well-performing auto component manufacturers, long before the global auto majors entered India. These relationships and the entry of foreign OEMs not only promote employment and income, but also diffusion of technologies and knowledge to the entire supply chain, including smaller firms.Veloso and Kumar (2002) provide an overview of the major trends taking place in the global automotive industry, emphasising on the Asian market. Consumer preferences, g overnment regulations and intense competition have been driving the firms towards new technologies, modernisation, research and changes in design and production. Market saturation in Triad regions (the United States, Western Europe and Japan) and rapid emergence of markets in Asia have led to increasing diversity in market needs. As a result, there are many models and segments coming up rapidly. Auto majors have started adopting a global perspective and reorganising their vehicle portfolio around product platforms, modules and systems. They are also minimising the number of suppliers, by opting for bigger ones, based on cost and quality competitiveness, RD capacity and proximity to development centres. Mergers and acquisitions are taking place for consolidation. Suppliers have been taking new roles, as systems integrators, global standardiser-systems manufacturers, component specialists and raw material suppliers. These roles are based on their focus, market presence, critical capab ilities and types of components and systems. The automobile industry in India had been facing the problem of overcapacity by 2000 and the auto-component sector was not so developed as to be able to deliver products of world-class quality. Chinese tariff and quota policies, coupled with local content regulations protect the auto industry in China immensely. However, the Chinese auto industry suffers from fragmentation, lower quality, lack of technological upgradation and managerial skills. Consolidation and liberalisation that are happening recently in China are expected to promote its auto industry. Auto industries in the ASEAN and Korea have recovered quickly from the Asian crisis of 1998. This report concludes with some aspects that any study on auto sector should focus on, such as evaluation of the capabilities of auto-component supply chain both large and small suppliers, strategies of OEMs, cost, delivery, dependability, quality, product development, process development, flexi bility, facilities/equipment, technology, process, workforce and organisation, logistics and supply chain, research and engineering and interfaces.ACMA (2006) presents the recent trends in the Indian auto industry as a whole and their implications for automotive supply chain in India. The market-oriented growth and growing automobile industry in India have ensured bright prospects for the Indian autocomponent sector, which is vibrant and competitive. Huge future growth potential of the automobile industry and increased access to consumer finance may lead India to a place among the top five automotive economies by 2025. Most of the ACMA members have at least one standards certification. They are embracing world-class modern shop-floor practices. The auto-component sector has been showing high rates of growth ofproduction and exports, with a comprehensive production range, transforming as an attractive OEMs Tier-1 supplier. Many leading OEMs and Tier-1 companies have plans of sourcing from Indian auto-component manufacturers, who are scaling up, establishing partnerships in India and abroad, acquiring foreign companies and establishing Greenfield investments overseas. Proficiency in understanding technical drawings, understanding of different global standards, appropriate automation, flexibility in small-batch production and use of Information Technology (IT) for design, development and simulation are some of the growing capabilities among Indian auto-component manufacturers. India is expected to emerge as the next big automotive RD base, given its IT capabilities coupled with automotive domain knowledge and shifting of automotive design centres to India, by global MNCs, as it is a potentially excellent base for prototyping, testing, validating and producing auto-components.Technology and Other AspectsKathuria (1996) analyses the Commercial Vehicles (CV) industry in India in a detailed manner, dwelling on the concepts of vertical integration and subcontracting, production technology and technological change. After an overview of the global auto industry, Kathuria traces the developments in the Indian auto industry from the 1950s to 1991. To evaluate the competitiveness of Indian commercial vehicles manufacturers in the domestic market, growth trends, structural trends, market shares, profitability, productivity ratios, prices, quality, dealer network and performance are analysed. Macro and micro performance of Indias vehicle exports with major markets and Indian vehicle characteristics have been outlined, along with an analysis of global demand patterns. Domestic resource costs and global comparison of prices, credit and service are the other international trade-related aspects analysed in this study. On vertical integration, the analysis leads to the conclusion that the Indian CV industry needs to learn from the international experience to get into subcontracting and buying-in. Lack of scales and high inventories had impeded the competiti veness of Indian CV firms in the 1980s.RD capabilities and new product ranges were the result of the challenges arising from time-bound indigenisation programme, but still Indian technology frontier remained far below global levels. Further, different firms have followed very different strategies and hence the impacts on their technological capabilities were also very different. However, success of Indian firms despite such a wide range of strategies is partly due to the protection available to them in the domestic market. Kathuria concludes that the Indian auto industry in general and CV industry in particular, have a lot to learn from the global auto industry, in terms of best-practice technology and vertical integration and supplier relationship. The study rightly predicted that the industry would see heightened activity and recommended that the government should ensure that the domestic firms do not lose out because of the unrestricted entry of highly competitive foreign firms.N arayanan (1998) finds that during the 1980s, technology acquisition through imports of technology and in-house RD efforts explains much of differences in competitiveness, as measured by changes in market share, at the firm level, in the Indian automobile industry. Based on an econometric analysis, which considers technology acquisition, skill intensity, component imports, firm size, product differentiation, age and vertical integration as the determinants of competitiveness, Narayanan finds that competitiveness has depended on the ability to build technological advantages, even in an era of capacity licensing. This is facilitated by complementing imported technology with in-house RD efforts.Narayanan (2004) uses two-way fixed effects estimation of the firm growth as a function of variables capturing technology, such as RD expenditure as a proportion of sales, foreign equity participation and import of capital goods. Role of technology depends on the technological regime in which the firm operates. In a licensed regime, firms with foreign equity grow faster because of better access to resources and technology. In a deregulated regime, import of capital goods has been the technology-related variable that triggered growth. In a liberal regime, growth is positively influenced by the intra-firm technology transfer.Narayanan (2006) analyses the determinants of export intensity of Indian automobile firms using a Tobit model, taking the variables discussed in Narayanan (1998) and Narayanan (2004) as the determinants. This study is based on the premises that there is a systematic difference in the characteristics and performance between the firms that export and those which sell in the domestic market, mainly in terms of technology acquisition, which in turn depends on the policy regime. Technology acquisition, firm size, vertical integration, capital intensity, imports of components and policy regime are found to be the main determinants of export competitiveness, by this analysis.SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEWThe studies reviewed so far were of a wide range in terms of objectives,