The Unlived Life of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay Example for Free

The Un alived Life of J. Alfred Prufrock EssayAs people look back to past experiences in their demeanor what do they compulsion to remember? Do they want to remember a wonderful life full of expieriences, or a life where they never authentically lived? The theme of the unlived life in The hunch over Song of J. Alfred Prufrock manifests through the narrator as he truly embodies the realistic fact that some people out there ar introverted, living in fear, and worrying to overmuch about what society does not approve of them. Life is not going to live for one, one must live for life.Introversion is presented throughout The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and presents how one persons fear can limit their life. The character of J. Alfred Prufrock displays this attribute when he states, And I piss known the eyes already, known them all The eyes that fix you in a formulated phrase, And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin,When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall (Lines 55- 58). This quote gives readers the maven of Prufrocks true insecurities. It excessively provides evidence into how he wanted to blend in and not really socialize at all.Prufrock again states, There lead be time, there will be time to prep be a face to regard the faces that you meet This shows how prufrock did not feel ready for society, another form of introversy. It also procides insight into the fact that Prufrock seperated himself from people and that he fealt unready for interaction. Lastly Prufrock again states, And indeed there will be timeTo wonder, Do I dare? and, Do I dare? This hsows how Prufrock was so estranged from society and how introverted he was. It also gives a sense of hope and a want to break this introversy with the statements of Do i dare .Another clear point that is presented by the Author is Prufrocks life of fear. As Prufrock said,With a bald spot in the middle of my hair They will say How his hair is growing thin(Lines 40-41) This statement shows how p rifrock was so insecure and aquaphobic of what people think. It also shows his clear fear of rejection. Prufrock again states, They will say But how his arms and legs are thin( line 44) This statement proves the fact that again Prufrock is truly afraid of society. It also shows His total insecurities. Lastly Prufrock says,Streets that follow like a tedious argument Of insidious intent(Line 8-9) again Prufrock, shows that he flat fears the streets of his neighborhood. It also shows how his fear makes him even afraid of the street.Lastly presented was the worrying of what society thinks.And I have known the arms already, known them all Arms that are braceleted and white and bareBut in the lamplight, downed with light brown hair This statement shows his complete fear of what society will think. It shows how he almost feels trapped by societys expectations. Prufrock also states,Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare to eat a peach?I shall wear white flannel trousers, and mountain pa ss upon the beach.This shows how he wants to be set drop out but does not feel as though it is a possibility. it also shows the fact that prufrock wanted to be free with himself and live but was tied down. Lastly he says Time for you and time for me,And time yet for a hundred indecisions, And for a hundred visions and revisions, Before the taking of a toast and tea. This last quote shows how he feels the need to revise himself for society. Also this shows his insecurities due to societys pressure.In conclusion the theme of the unlived life in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock comes through as the narrator embodies the realistic fact that some people out there are introverted, living in fear, and worrying to much about what society does not approve of them. It shows that fear becomes an enemy to life and is a component in the detriment of a persons social status and well being.

About the United States Constitution Essay Example for Free

About the United States Constitution EssayEssay 1The Constitution of the United States created the solve of government know as nationalism. The national and state governments each have precise powers and functions, while also sharing some of the same powers. The Constitution do the agreement that any laws passed under the constitution would be the supreme law of the land. Three separate branches were created the legislative, executive, and judicial. **********The sassy Constitution contumacious the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation to the extent that it created a virgin system of government that was equipped with the necessary powers needed to implement changes through compromises, the passing of laws, and the levying of taskes. During the Constitutional Convention of 1787, delegates met in Philadelphia to discuss the difficult problems the sensitive nation faced. The Framers decided that in order to facilitate change within the nation, the Articles of Confede ration needed to be replaced with a new plan for government that would erupt the federal government more power to implement the changes necessary for the progression of the nation.The next step was to devise a plan for the government that would be evaluate by the people of the nation. A series of compromises, known as the Three-Fifths Compromise, and the enceinte Compromise, were created. The Virginia be after, created by James Madison, included an executive branch, courts, and a bicameral legislature where mental representation in each house of Congress would be found on each states population. This plan enticed delegates from heavily populated states such as, bleak York however, the sm all(prenominal) states feared a government subjugated by the large states would give them no say. The New Jersey Plan, devised by delegates from the smaller states, included a unicameral legislature in which states would have equal representation. Within this plan, Congress had the power to s et taxes and regulate trade, which were powers it did not have under the Articles of Confederation. The New Jersey Plan was not accepted because ******larger states thought they should have more power. After six rigorous weeks, *the delegates came to a compromise later known as the Great Compromise. The compromise proposed that Congress have two houses, a Senate and a House of Representatives, in which the Senate granted equal representation and the House granted representation based on population. In the Articles of Confederation, there was only *one vote per state.To pass laws, nine out of the thirteen colonies had to be infavor of it and to make amendments all thirteen colonies had to be in favor of the idea. The Great Compromise included that two thirds of the Senate and the House had to agree on a law or an amendment for it to be passed which was much easier. The compromise pleased both groups, but they were not completely satisfied. The Great Compromise directly dealt with the weaknesses within the Articles of Confederation and for this reason it gained popularity. The Three-Fifths Compromise came most after the Great Compromise which answered some of the remaining questions such as, who could vote. The compromise stated that every five enslaved persons counted for three free persons therefore, three-fifths of the slave population in each state would be used in determining representation in Congress. Americans were not all in favor of the Constitution at first, they were known as Anti-Federalists. They thought that the document would take away their liberties that Americans had fought hard to win from Great Britain. Their main argument was the new Constitution would create a strong, federal government and ignore the states and it lacked a bill of rights to protect individual freedoms. Those who were supporters of the document called themselves Federalists. They believed the Constitution would create a system of federalism, a form of government in which power is divided between the federal government and the states.The Federalist Papers, written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, was what won the Anti-Federalists support of the document. In a series of essays, they argued that the United States wouldnt survive without a strong federal government and reassured the document would protect their nation. Both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists came to the conclusion that if the Constitution was adopted, the new government would add a bill of rights. The Constitution was completely ratified in 1790 which made the thirteen independent states a united nation, The United States of America. The new Constitution created a framework for the government, which was the something the Articles of Confederation lacked. Three branches within the legislative were created to make sure the federal government would stay stable. Each branch had specific powers while also having the ability to check the powers of the other two branch es. The legislative branch, also known as Congress, made the laws. The executive branch enforced the laws and is headed by a president and vice president.The judicial system was created in which thesupreme court of the U.S would have the final say as to the constitutionality of laws. In order to annul one of the branches from gaining too much power, the Framers included a system of checks and balances. This system allowed each branch of government to limit the power of the others. Therefore, the new Constitution resolved the weaknesses of the articles of confederation to the extent that it created a new system of government that was equipped with the necessary powers needed to implement changes through compromises, the passing of laws, and the levying of taxes. The government was able to tax and secure individual freedoms. The thirteen independent states became one nation, The United States of America. Although, not all of the problems of the Articles of Confederation were resolved , the new Constitution created a foundation for our government today.

Nepals Participation In UN Peacekeeping

Nepals Participation In UN PeacekeepingNepal has been taking cleave in UN peacekeeping operation operation mission operation missions since triple years after it became a member of the UN, and has contributed legion(predicate) peacekeepers in multiple missions. Nepal commemorated 50 years of fight in UN peace support operations in 2008 and was the fourth largest troop indorser to UN peacekeeping missions in 2004 and fifth largest in 2009.1Nepal considers its contribution to UN peacekeeping operations as a tool for implementing Nepalese foreign policy, which is guided by the principles of UN Charter.2Historically, Nepals transposition towards innerization was an effort to tag foreign policy goals. The Nepalese deplumatess peacekeeping participation was part and parcel of that effort. The UN has provided an important forum for smaller countries like Nepal to pursue its guinea pig interests and exercise foreign policy with dignity and sovereignty.3It has to a fault provided small countries with moral and physical security from aggression, interference, and encroachment.4Nepals study engagement in UN peacekeeping operations came during the second classless period, 1990-2005. Nepal started sending troops under the provision of Chapter VII of UN Charter, when its troops participated in peace enforcement mission in Somalia in 1993. The Nepalese Army (NA) acquired some experience and professionalism by operating with other(a) professional armies. Taking part in UN peacekeeping missions is also an opportunity to be operational in the field.5Before its involvement in counterinsurgency operations in Nepal in 2001, the NA had a very few opportunities to deploy its soldiers in the field to hone their skills. In addition, working with civilians during peacekeeping missions has considerably altered its undertake to deal with contrastive problems.However, from 1990 through the end of 2000 was a decade characterized by policy inconsistencies amongst the mil itarys internationalism and the brasss internal orientation. The NA was solely focused on its international peacekeeping mission, while the policy-making parties were entangled in domestic politics. There was a clear gap between the states approach and the functioning of one of the instrument of national power, the military. At the strategic level, Nepal lacked a coherent policy that would allow it to send off the experience gained in international missions. Even after governingal change of 2005, this trend seems unceasing. My effort in this paper would be to analyze this divergence in Nepal. Before d puff up upon the core issue, I attempt to give a brief account of the Nepalese peacekeeping participation in different political scenarios.Nepalese Participation in UN Peacekeeping Missions in Different PeriodsAfter becoming a member of the UN in 1955, Nepal participated in the 1958 peacekeeping mission in Lebanon, UNOGIL. Nepal has since contributed to UN missions in the Middle E ast, Africa, Europe and the Caribbean. The first Nepalese battalion-sized contingent, the Purano Gorakh Battalion, was deployed in Egypt with UNEF II in 1974. Throughout the whole panchayat period, the NA participated in six different peacekeeping missions.6Nepalese peacekeepers invite since made major contributions. There was a surge in NA participation in peacekeeping missions after the administration of multiparty democracy and constitutional monarchy in 1990.7The establishment of a multiparty democratic system in Nepal was a result of the worldwide third wave of democratization. Other part of the world saw similar political agitation, conflict and transformation. During this period, the majority of NA troops were deployed in peace enforcement and multidimensional peacekeeping operations in which internal armed conflicts constituted the major problems. When the Maoists launched an armed struggle against the government, the NA faced a challenge to continue participating in pea cekeeping missions. However, with the gradual outgrowth in the size of the NA after its involvement in counterinsurgency operations, participation in peacekeeping operations was no longer hindered.Nepal has taken part in peacekeeping missions in various conflict zones, and some of the NAs high ranking officers have filled key appointments in peacekeeping missions. Not scarce various force commanders and high-ranking officials who directly monitor and supervise international peacekeeping in the field say that the NAs mission performance is commendable, but also UN Secretary General has praised Nepalese peacekeepers.8Its peacekeeping contributions allowed Nepal to become an organizational committee member of the UN Peace Building Commission for 2008/2009 in the category of troop-contributing countries.9As of may 2010, Nepal has contributed 76,610 troops in 35 missions around the globe, and at present, the NA has deployed more than 4,420 peacekeepers in 12 different missions in the capacity of military observers, military amour officers, staff officers in mission headquarters, and as contingent members. The government of Nepal has signed to make 5,000 troops available, as and when requested, to the UN Standby Arrangement System (UNSAS).10There has been no change in the trend of Nepalese peacekeeping participation since its first involvement. However, Nepal faces some challenges in peacekeeping. Apart from some logistical and management difficulties, allegations of human rights violations be also causing some problems in recent years.11 contempt these problems, peacekeeping participation has been continuing. The interim government led by the Nepali Congress party, the Maoist-led government, and the CPN (UML) government all emphasized and praised the Nepals peacekeeping participation wholeheartedly.Most NA members have participated in a UN peacekeeping mission at least once in their military career. After serving for a few years in the army, almost all NA offi cers participate in UN peacekeeping missions more than once. fighting(a) in UN peacekeeping is an opportunity for professional enhancement for many Nepalese soldiers. Apart from gaining experience, Nepalese Army personnel also receive monetary benefits that tending raise their living standards and keep them motivated during peacekeeping activities and in their own country. The UN allowance is four to eight times higher than a standard stipend in Nepal. At the institutional level, economic benefits from peacekeeping have become an important source for the welfare fund. At national level it has signifi force outtly contributed to national economy and foreign currency deposit. This shows that peacekeeping missions have become the NAs one of the major roles.12The Nepalese Armys uninterrupted participation in peacekeeping missions during two major political revolutions in 1990 and 2006 and during its participating involvement in counterinsurgency operations indicate that the NA has b een transforming into a peacekeeper military as described by capital of Minnesota Shemella.13In its many years of UN peacekeeping missions, Nepal has undergone through various experiences and evolution processes. The concept of peacekeeping missions emerged from the concept of bodied security founded in the concept of collective defense that seeks to form alliances against any state which commits an act of aggression. During the Cold War, peacekeeping was control to interposing troops between belligerent parties, supervising and verifying cease-fires, and observing, monitoring, and reporting. Peacekeeping duties were limited to maintaining the status quo, and emphasis was given on impartiality and minimum use of the force, in which neutral countries like Nepal, rather than the permanent members of the UN Security Council, played a crucial role.14These missions were mandated by Chapter VI of UN charter. Nepal contributed peacekeepers to missions under Chapter VI. The mere presence of blue helmets was enough to restrain the conflicting parties from further hostilities. Non-enforcement was the norm of traditional peacekeeping. Parties were deterred from relying on force deployment of peacekeepers began after fighting halted peacekeepers used to create buffers without seizing territory and rather than taking territory, peacekeepers aimed to restore order or defend the territory. During those days national contingents did non have to make their own logistical arrangements, as the Wet Lease provision provided everything from toilet paper to tanks. Such arrangements made UN peacekeeping participation less(prenominal) challenging to developing countries like Nepal. Government and armed forces peacekeeping responsibilities were limited to making political or operational decisions to participate in particular missions.The temperament of conflict changed with the end of the Cold War, requiring a new approach to peacekeeping missions and the advent of the second and t hird generations of peacekeeping missions.15The new multidimensional peacekeeping operations focused on facilitating political processes creating a secure and stable environment and strengthening state security apparatus and providing a framework for ensuring that all UN and other actors pursue their activities with close civil and military cooperation as the key to success. Although Nepal participates in most of the multidimensional peacekeeping missions, the lack of civilian participation in the Nepalese Armys peacekeeping efforts has impeded the most needed changes in the present context of multi-dimensional peacekeeping efforts.The government treats Nepalese peacekeeping participation as the sole license of the NA, showing a lack of enthusiasm to coordinate and supervise these activities. The Ministry of apology and Ministry of Foreign Affairs have not been active enough in managing peacekeeping efforts. The process of selecting, training, equipping, dispatching and maintaini ng peacekeepers in conflict zones has not been very yieldive in the changing context.16This is one of the reasons why, despite long and successful involvement in international missions and interactions with other professional armed forces, the NA could not become as efficient as it should have been. The inability to bring prompt synergic effect of peacekeeping and diplomatical efforts on the recent allegation of cholera outbreak in Haiti may have long term implications on Nepalese peacekeeping. These problems can cause a great setback in peacekeeping efforts by tarnishing the image of Nepal and the NA.The inability to demonstrate the desirable competence of civilian and military institutions has resulted in inadequate performances in diplomatic as well as operational aspects of peacekeeping.17Also, lacking a symbiotic relationship between the military and civilians with regard to peacekeeping involvement, foreign policy and security, Nepal has not been able to achieve maximum outpu t.Foreign Policy Aspects of the Nepalese PeacekeepingThe Interim Constitution of Nepal (2007) states, the Foreign Policy of Nepal shall be guided by the principles of UN Charter, nonalignment, the Panchasheel, International law and the norms of world peace.18The previous Nepalese constitution, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal (1990), also states that the UN Charter shall be one of the five maneuver principles of Nepalese foreign policy.19The Ministry of Foreign Affairs claims that Nepal has consistently supported UN efforts to maintain peace and security by its continued participation in the UN.20The first democratic period from 1950 through 1960 was a time of political upheaval and transformation in Nepal. This was also the period of establishing national identity and preserving national integrity and sovereignty. The political parties and leaders considered the UN to be the protector and the guarantor of national identity, integrity, independence and sovereignty.21Thus, t he decision to participate in UN peacekeeping missions in 1958 was a crucial one, a catchment area moment in Nepalese foreign policy.When Nepal sought UN membership in 1949, the Soviet Union raised the question of Nepalese sovereignty. Nonetheless, Nepal became a UN member in 1955.22The fluid domestic, regional and international political situation made Nepals survival as a nation state of primary importance during 1950s and 1960s. In an address to the 15th Session of the UN General Assembly, Prime Minister Bisheswar Prasad Koirala saidThe foreign policy of Nepal is wholly inspired by the purposes and principles of UN. We regard UN not altogether as a bulwark of our independence and security, but also as the protector of our rights and freedomWe believe in the independent exercise of our judgment in considering international issuesWhile we welcome and are grateful for the help that is being given to us by friendly governments-those of India, the United States, China, the USSR, the United Kingdom and others-as well as by UN, we do not want any country to tell us how we should think, or how we should conduct our internal affairs.23After the Rana obtain and until 1960, the various governments in Nepal had different foreign policy preferences.24But the king wanted to have a balanced relationship between the two demon neighbors and to maintain the sovereignty of Nepal. While the king was searching for opportunities, he found that participating in international peacekeeping missions under the aegis of the UN was the best mien to retain sovereignty and national independence.From 1961 through 1971, King Mahendra played a key role in shaping and implementing foreign policy, seeking to achieve three main objectives maximization, diversification and mobilization. He first tried to expand the playing field of foreign policy by exploiting the preferences and the clash of interests between India, China and other major powers. Then he sought to go beyond a limited relia nce on a few resources. Finally, he utilized Nepals active participation in international forums like UN and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) to pressure and mobilize regional and international powers in Nepals favor.25To utilize peacekeeping participation as a tool to protect Nepals sovereignty, the king dovetailed the armys peacekeeping efforts with countrys foreign policy objectives, adopting an internationalist approach to foreign policy.26This internationalist approach produced a synergic outcome by effectively utilizing the NAs peacekeeping participation to search for Nepals space in international forums. The internationalism came to fruition when Nepal was chosen for important responsibilities in the UN. For instance, Nepal led the Commission of Investigation into the Conditions and peck resulting in the tragic death of then Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold, who was killed in a plane crash at Ndola in Lusaka in 1961.27The internationalist approach also helped Nepal to becom e a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council in 1969-70 and in 1988-89 by an overwhelming majority. Nepals Zone of Peace Proposal, based on Panchasheel, was a reproof of Nepals aspiration to achieve and maintain its sovereignty, integrity and independence without interference from neighboring countries.28A total of 116 countries supported the proposal, including four permanent members of the UN Security Council. Additionally, this approach helped Nepal to project its image to the international community and to maintain its sovereignty, independence and national integrity.The outcome of the internationalist approach during 1970s and 1980s was positive and significant.29But the democratic government formed after 1990 could not formulate any new policy or vision for employing the army in peacekeeping missions, nor did it wholeheartedly continue live policies. Thus the internationalist approach became dormant. The NAs profound contribution to UN peacekeeping missions could not be fully utilized to support foreign policy objectives and national interests. The Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Foreign Affairs also kept a low profile. Without a dedicated defense minister and without the Ministry playing an effective role in peacekeeping activities, peacekeeping remained solely the armys private domain.Since political attention to the internationalist approach was not sufficient, the NAs participation in UN peacekeeping missions continued without meaningful political-diplomatic congruity.30This resulted in diplomatic setbacks. For instance, by eliminating Nepal, Indonesia was elected as the UN Security Councils non-permanent member for a two years term starting in January 2007.31There could be many reasons for this ill fortune including the weakening of Nepali diplomacy on various fronts. However, some posit that it also points to the ineffectiveness of recent Nepalese peacekeeping initiatives. Chiran Thapa writes, Despite Nepals contribution to numerous U N led peace operations, the rejection of Nepals candidacy by an overwhelming majority at the General Assembly distinctly suggests that the international community deems Nepal as less unresolved of serving global security interests.32In the face of Nepals widely lauded participation in peacekeeping, why Nepal is less capable in international forums is a undecomposed issue.ConclusionOver fifty years, the NAs participation in UN peacekeeping has been remarkable. Although Nepals first democratic period (1950-1960) was full of chaos, the political forces in the country realized the prerequisite of taking an internationalist approach. Therefore, this period was a watershed in Nepals peacekeeping participation as well as its approach to foreign policy. Although an authoritative regime, the Panchayat period was an extension and consolidation of the same policies with enhanced participation. The positive outcome of the peacekeeping effort was seen during the 1970s and 1980s. After the re establishment of democracy in 1990, Nepalese peacekeeping efforts increased tremendously, but foreign policy did not go along the peacekeeping contribution. The democratic forces could not fill in the authoritative vacuum created by the political change between the two instruments of national power, military and diplomacy. Despite some shortcomings, Nepals performance in peacekeeping missions has been very successful and widely acclaimed. Nepal could have benefitted highly, both diplomatically and politically, but did not.Nepals peacekeeping participation is being continued in the same pace even after the establishment of republic system. Despite many political ups and downs and changes in political system, there is no difference in opinion in Nepal about its participation in peacekeeping operations. This clearly indicates that there is a consensus among the Nepalese political parties that peacekeeping participation contributes to Nepals vital interests. Therefore, the time has come to reassess the gap between the Nepalese peacekeeping participation and foreign policy goal and rectify existing inconsistencies and digressions before it becomes too late.

Energy Performance of Curtain Wall

nix military operation of Curtain ringIntroductionBuilding envelope is utilize to separate the conditioned and unconditioned environment, the temporal used in envelop will affect the indoor environment of the building. For a commercial building, the electricity aspiration of HVAC strategy and timiding remains of rules is related to to the features of the mantlepiece contend establishment, such as U-value, blending coefficient and visible transmittance. The muscularity operation of each supply debate system will be idlervass in this chapter and it coffin nail separate into three sections 1) U-value and Energy Consumption of HVAC system, 2) Shading Coefficient and Energy Consumption of HVAC system and 3) Visible Transmittance and Energy Consumption of lighter system.U-value and Energy Consumption of HVAC systemAccording to Bougdah (2009), U-value, a thermic transmittance coefficient, is used to measure the insularity property of a building element. As thermal ins ulation of chill environ may affect the dexterity habit of the building, the birth mingled with U-Value and competency consumption of HVAC systems is studied in order to break down the nix performance of various drape ring system.Based on table 6.2.1, the relationship between U-value and energy consumption of HVAC systems advise be shown. The U-value of drapery wall system is directly proportional to the yearly energy consumption of HVAC system. With high values of U-value, the energy performance of the curtain wall system becomes poorer and it requires more(prenominal) electricity as the heat lowlife more easily transfer from outdoor to indoor. On the contrary, the lower in U-value, curtain wall system can perform better energy consumption in HVAC system.Table 6.2.1 U-value and Energy Performance of HVAC schema of Targeted Curtain WallFigure 6.2.1 Relationship between U-Value and Energy Consumption of HVAC transcriptionFigure 6.2.1 demonstrates the directly propor tional relationship between U-value and energy consumption of HVAC system obviously. With the saw-tooth pattern of the line chart, thither be about character references of curtain wall system which have three layers of glazing require more energy than dickens layers one. It means that there are other factors, such as blending coefficient, which may also affect the energy performance of the HVAC system. The relationship between shading coefficient and annual energy consumption of HVAC system will be discussed in the next section.Shading Coefficient and Energy Consumption of HVAC systemAccording to Ander (2014), the shading coefficient of glass is a measure to determine the solar heat take a leak through the glazing. Radiation is a method to transfer heat from the outdoor environment to the indoor environment. For commercial buildings with curtain wall system, shading coefficient becomes another major factor that affects the amount of heat transferred to the building. The out-o f-door envelope of the building is glazing which has lower insulation for heat transmission through radiation. Since the shading coefficient will affect the energy consumption, the relationship of shading coefficient and energy consumption of HVAC system is studied.Based on the table 6.3.1 below, the shading coefficient of curtain wall is directly proportion to the energy consumption of HVAC system. It means that the amount of annual energy consumption of HVAC system becomes higher with a relatively high shading coefficient of curtain wall system. With the lower of the shading coefficient, the lower the energy consumption of HVAC system, less heat transfer from external environment to internal environment. The major factor affected the shading coefficient of curtain wall system is the type of glazing. In this study, clear supply and tinted glasses are used in various types of curtain wall. Tinted glass is a common glazing that used to construct the curtain wall system and Pfrommer (1995) stated that the tinting can produce various colours, such as green, bronzer and tinted glass can absorb solar radiation and reduce those heat and light transmission. Tinted glass can perform a better energy saving performance compared with clear glass which do not contain any chemicals to absorb radiation. However, the price of curtain wall system with tinted glass is more expensive than clear glass. Besides, the come up of layers of curtain wall system is another reason affected the shading coefficient of that curtain wall system. It is easy to understand that the radiation transmission becomes lower with a higher turn of layers of curtain wall system. Therefore, triple glazed curtain wall with tinted glass has the lowest annual energy consumption while single glazed curtain wall with clear glass has the highest annual energy consumption.Table 6.3.1 Shading Coefficient and Energy Performance of HVAC System of Targeted Curtain WallFigure 6.2.1 Relationship between shading c oefficient and Energy Consumption of HVAC SystemFrom the figure 6.2.1 above, a straight proportional relationship between shading coefficient and annual energy consumption of HVAC system can be identified. attribute I triple glazed curtain wall system with spectrally low-e tinted glass which has the lowest shading coefficient has the best performance in annual energy consumption of HVAC system. However, typecast A single glazed curtain wall system with clear glass which has the highest shading coefficient has the poorest performance in annual energy consumption of HVAC system.Visible Transmittance and Energy Consumption of Lighting SystemApart from the attractive appearance, a high portion of inwrought dismissal is another characteristic of curtain wall system. Unlike other external wall construction, curtain wall systems are constructed by glazing elements and more day excitation can pass through to the indoor environment of the building. Efficient Windows Collaborative (2014) stated that visible transmittance is the amount of light in the visible portion of the light spectrum that passes through glasses and it will be influenced by the glazing type, the number of panels, and any glass coatings.Based on the table 6.4.1 and figure 6.4.1, lighting transmittance is mutually proportional to the annual energy consumption of the lighting system. With a higher value of lighting transmittance, the amount of annual energy consumption of lighting system becomes lower. It means that more visible light transmitted from the external environment to internal environment and the target building can save more energy in lighting system. However, more energy is used in lighting system in case the value of lighting transmittance is in a small value. In this study, two factors affect the lighting transmittance of curtain wall can be identified. The first reason is the number of layers. More layers can increase the thickness of curtain wall, thus less visible daylighting can pass through curtain wall. This is easy to understand that triple glazed curtain wall system blocks more lighting than single glazed curtain wall and double glazed curtain wall system. The second reason is the type of glazing. From table 6.4.1, clear glasses always have higher lighting transmittance than tinted glasses. As mentioned above, tinted glasses can reduce light transmission. Although it performs good energy saving in HVAC system, it consumes more energy in lighting system.Table 6.4.1 Visible Transmittance and Energy Performance of Lighting System of Targeted Curtain WallFigure 6.4.1 Relationship between Visible Transmittance and Annual Energy Consumption of Lighting SystemFrom the above figure 6.4.1, the inversely proportional relationship between visible transmittance and annual energy consumption of lighting system is shown. shell I triple glazed curtain wall system with spectrally low-e tinted glass which has the lowest visible transmittance has the poorest performance in annual energy consumption of lighting system. Nevertheless, Type A single glazed curtain wall system with clear glass which has the highest visible transmittance has the best performance in annual energy consumption of lighting system.Overall Performance in Energy PerformanceAfter assessment, the performance of each curtain wall system can be assessed. Using the ranking as the story to calculate the performance of curtain wall, curtain wall system with a higher performance score means they perform better in energy consumption of Building A. The performance ranking is converted to score from 1 (the poorest performer) to 10 (the best performer). As around 70% of electricity is consumed by HVAC system normally, the over score is equal to HVAC System Score x 70% + Lighting System Score x 30%. Based on the interest table, Type J obtains the highest score in this study, whereas type B obtain the lowest score in this study.Table 6.5.1 Score of Targeted Curtain Wall SystemType A Curta in Wall SystemType A curtain wall is constructed by single glazed with clear glass. As there is only one layer of glass, the U-value of curtain wall is the lowest. Clear glass used in Type A cannot absorb radiation but it can provide more visible lighting to Building A. From the above reason, Type A obtains the highest score in lighting system and the lowest score in HVAC system.Type B Curtain Wall SystemSingle glazed with tinted glass curtain wall system is similar to Type A curtain wall system. Nevertheless, tinted glass is used in this curtain wall system. Type B curtain wall system has a relatively low shading coefficient and visible transmittance compared with Type A curtain wall system.Type C Curtain Wall SystemType C curtain wall system is double glazed with low-e tinted glass. The low-e coating can minimize the amount of ultraviolet and infrared light that pass through glass. As there is occupation space between two glasses, the U-value of curtain wall is lower than curtain wall system with one layer. And less heat can be transferred from the external environment to the internal environment since tinted glasses can reduce the heat transmittance through radiation.Type D Curtain Wall SystemType D curtain wall system is double glazed with low-e clear glass. Compared with Type C, it has better performance in annual energy consumption of lighting system as it has a higher value in visible transmittance. However, clear glass has a poor performance in thermal insulation in which the amount of heat transmitted through radiation is higher than Type C.Type E Curtain Wall SystemThe emissivity level of Type E curtain wall system is lower than 0.1. With a spectrally low-e value, U-value and shading coefficient of the curtain wall system will be reduced and the energy consumption of HVAC system also can be reduced. However, the visible transmittance will be reduced because of the low-e coating.Type F Curtain Wall System similar Type E curtain wall system, it perfor ms a better performance than Type D in saving energy of HVAC system because of spectrally low-e coating. On the contrary, the annual energy consumption of Type F curtain wall system in lighting system is higher than Type D which has the same number of layers as Type E curtain wall systemType G Curtain Wall SystemType G curtain wall system is constructed by three layers of tinted glass and its U-value is higher than previous curtain wall systems. It has a better thermal insulation compared to one layer and two layers because of increasing in thickness and number of air space. It ranks no.3 in this assessment because of its low value of shading coefficient and U-value.Type H Curtain Wall SystemTriple glazed with low-e clear glass has same U-value as Type G. Nevertheless, the visible transmittance of Type H curtain wall system is higher than Type G since Type H curtain wall uses clear glasses which cannot absorb radiation. As mentioned before, the thermal insulation of clear glass is r elatively lower than tinted glass used in Type G.Type I Curtain Wall SystemIn this assessment, Type I has the highest score. The emissivity of Type I curtain wall system is lower than 0.1. The U-Value and shading coefficient of Type I are lower than Type G system and it has the best performance in annual energy consumption of HVAC system.Type J Curtain Wall SystemTriple glazed with spectrally low-e clear glass has a better performance than Type I in the energy consumption lighting system. However, more heat can be transferred to indoor as shading coefficient of clear glasses is higher than Type I. It still ranks no.2 in energy consumption because of three layer glass and spectrally low-e coating of curtain wall.In figure 6.5.1, U-value and shading coefficient are direct proportion to the annual energy consumption of HVAC system and it means that both of them may affect the energy consumption directly. For energy consumption of lighting system, visible transmittance can influence the curtain wall performance.However, an interesting results is identified. The influence of shading coefficient is more obvious compared to U-value. Using Type B and Type D curtain wall system as an example, although Type B and Type D have similar amounts of annual energy consumption in lighting system, the U-value of type B is much higher than type D. It shows that the shading coefficient of curtain wall system is in the first priority during making finis on the types of curtain wall system.Figure 6.5.1 Overall Performance of targeted building in HVAC System

Terrorism: Causes, Effects and Prevention Strategies

menaceism Causes, Effects and Prevention StrategiesIn the last quarter of the century, in that respect is a dramatic change in most of the terrorist proceedivities, as they argon well-planned, with a purpose to accomplish a precise identifiable and seemingly attainable policy-making terminal. In the past, most of the terrorist activities involved incidents like high-jacking an aircraft or the fetching of a hostage following which certain demands were made. Their aim was usu aloney to release their fri stamp knocked out(p)s, or assort leaders from prisons. act of terrorism in the last few decades has lendn a more violent and destructive turn, and quite often the demands argon non made. Terrorism today is an act which is sudden, unprovoked, sheer brutal attack on innocent civilians killing several(prenominal) state in a crowded market or a gathering. close to of at that place terrorist attacks gravel had a political objective, which have now become rather diffused since the 9/11 attack. It now seems that the idea is to create fear and panic, and primarily to get publicity through with(p) the television unseasoneds and print mediaAccording to several orthodox cultures, the terrorists resorted to this particular type of extremism as the only way for accomplishing political change. Also it appears to be coordinated to globalisation and the increased impact of the United States and early(a) Western countries. This has added to the resentments of the people of that part of the world. Thus it is the larger festerings, changes in the international political structure, and expansion of globalization throughout the world that explains this trend in terrorism.The sixty years of jut outing of the Palestinians and their unsuccessful efforts to get an independent state is one of the major reasons for the unrest in the Moslem World. The recent siege (412 Palestinian pincerren perished between the 27th of December 2008 and the 18th of January 2009 as a result of the bombings and atrocities carried out by the Israeli Occupying Forces The end year of 2009 inevitably This markeds the First Year Memorial of Operation Cast Lead, when almost 1,400 Palestinians, mostly civilians were killed during the course of a brutal military operation carried out by Israeli regimen. Thousands more were wounded or displaced. 412 Palestinian children perished between the 27th of December 2008 and the 18th of January 2009. These children were killed as a result of the bombings and atrocities carried out by the Israeli Occupying Forces) affected the Palestinian tender fabric completely. As the trauma grows with every violent incursion into Palestinian communities hatred and tendency of revenge too increases among them. During the Gulf War, and more recently in Afghanistan, the terrorist groups often resort to psychological warf be because its the only tactic they have available to them.They dont have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They dont have the stre ngthy military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,says Haroun, a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego. (cited in Warner, 2005).1 In homosexualkind these terrorist attacks does not harm the enemy fleshlyly very much, as few people could be killed in an attack. But the repercussions are tremendous from the psychological consign of view. Ordinary people viewing the terrorist attack in person or watching it on television, gets anxious, terrified, and often develop a sense of foreboding fear, which in turn may lead to demoralization in the entire society.Psychological TerrorWhatever is their modus operandi, terrorists share very similar aims. Alexander and Klein (2006)1 concisely set the aims of terrorism as followsTo create pervasive fear, anxiety and panicTo generate a collective and individual sense of helplessness, vulnerability and hopelessnessTo demonstratereveal the incompetenceineffectiveness and/or inabilityincapability of the authorities to show earnest and protectionsafety against such opponentsAnd provoke the establishment into errors or everyplace-reactions which will disaffect the general public or specific influential bodies.The last nous is essenti totallyy zippy as observed by the widespread concerns as for example the shooting of an innocent man by the Metropolitan Police in London whatsoevertime ago (as a result of consequent to the wrong information that he was a suicide bomber) the incarceration of terrorist suspects in high security prisons of Guantanamo Bay and Belmarsh and the introduction of repressive legislation. Moreno (2003)2 has persuasively proven how easy it is in a democratic society to subordinate hard-earned civil liberties to the need to introduce counter-terrorist legislation. The terrorist attacks provide harsh reminders that in todays world, one does not know what news may come next on television or new(prenominal) news media. specially d isturbing television images of horrific incidents sack trigger the innate startle response no matter how close or far away from fellowship the event happened. Historically, every military clash has led to psychological warfare in some form in one way or other as the enemy aims to break the morale of their opponent. Due to progress in technology the popularity of the internet and increase of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of psychological battle have changed.Whether it is a substantial attack or a single dreadful act, the effects of psychological warfare are not curtail to the physical slander it produces. Instead, the intent of these attacks is to instillinstil a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.According to Professor Richard Bulliet of Columbia UniversityThere are various shipway to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of wh at you do to a single person.Interestingly the way media covers the event in fact determines the effect on the people. For instance, according to Bulliet, the Iranian hostage predicament, in 1979, which though lasted for 444 days, was infact really one of the most harmless of (word harmless) criticalthings events that occurredhappened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All the U.S. hostages were released ultimately unscathed., butHowever this hostage event remains a psychological scarblemish for m eitherseveral Americans who watched powerlessly, each evenings newscast, they counted days the hostages were being held in custody.The terrorists often take advantage of images of a group of masked individuals coercing and intimidating exerting total power over their captives to sendconvey the message that the act is a collective demonstrationdisplay of the groups power rather than an individual criminal act.You dont have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. Its an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized. The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities. (cited in Warner, 2005).3Remote Repercussions of Terrorist AttacksWhen a horrific event occurs, it is natural to feel disturbed, even if the act occurred thousands of miles away. The human reaction is to put oneself in the situation because as normal human beings, people have the capacity to empathize. And consequently these people may develop similar psychological symptoms. Witnessing an act of psychological terror can excessively disrupt our spirit system, says Charles Figley, PhD, occupyor of the Florida State University Traumatology Institute. (cited in Warner, 2005).4We walk around, psychologically, in a bubble, and that bubble represents our belief system and values. Most often we assume incorrectly that other people have the same values and social niceties as we do. When that is violated or challe nged, the first response is usually an effort to protect our beliefs and, in other words, to deny that it actually happened.When A s soon as confronted with proof of terror, such as pictures of atrocities, Figley says there are a few different waysdifferent ways in which people typically reactThey perceive perpetrators to be inhumane.Become fearful as they perceive they are living in a pachydermous and unsafe world because the graph bar of inhumanityhumanity has been lowered even further. Believe that its only a fleeting incident which could be easily explained away or deconstructed by precise things that have taken place, such as if we hadnt done this, then that would not have happened. Its uncomfortable believing that the world is less safe, so we have to imagine or construct a scenario that will allow us to feel more safe again and resist change, says Figley.There is an elicit and strange symbiotic relationship between terrorism and the media. Bruce Hoffman, the director of the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, in his book Inside Terrorism has scripted a clear summary of some of the major historical trends in international terrorism. He makes careful distinctions between the motivations that drive political (or ethno-nationalist) terrorism and ghostly terrorism, and he explains also shows why the rise of religious terrorism, coupled with the increased availability of weapons of mass destruction, may foretellpredict an eraepoch of even greater violence. In the past, Hoffman argues, the main goal of the terrorist was not to kill and destroy, but to attract media attention to his cause in the hope of initiating reform.For the religious terrorist, however, violence is first and foremost a sacred act or divine duty executed in direct response to some theological demand or imperative religious terrorists see themselves not as components of a system worth preserving but as outsiders, seeking fundamental changes in the existing coif. (H offman, 2006).5In this context Hoffman does not choose sides, he refers to in this framework, pointing to the bombings of the World Trade Center ,and Oklahoma City and the Tokyo,to the Sarin nerve gas attacks, in Tokyo in order to demonstrate that radicalsfundamentalists of any religious denomination are capable of extreme acts of terrorism.Terrorism is an aggressive-hostile action which is mainly intended to harm and terrify civilians, in order to promote a particular aim, or with an the idea, which may be social political or other. The terrorist attacks, are now gaining major importance than wars in the news headlines worldwideTerrorism and its Effects on psychical HealthWhether its a massive attack or a single dreadfulhorrific act, the effects of psychological warfare are not restrictedlimited to the physical damage inflicted. Infact the primary objectivestead, the goal of these attacks is to inculcate a sense of fear whichthat is much greater than the actual threat itself. Ther efore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are revealedpublicized and interpreted.Typical reactions to major trauma on the individuals and communities are well-documented but the literature on the individual reactions to terrorist incidents is scarce. Most of the reactions at the initial phase following trauma are normal reactions and only few individuals display florid psychopathology. (Alexander and Klein, 2006).6Normal individual reactions to a terrorist attack are stirred Reactions shock, numbness, denial , fear, anxiety , helplessness, hopelessness.Cognitive dysfunctions as disorientation, confusion ,intrusive thoughts, images, memories ,hypervigilance (i.e. increased sense of risk),impaired concentration and memory.Changes in social interaction, like withdrawal ,irritability ,loss of combining and faith , avoidant behaviour (i.e. of any reminders of the event).Physical reactions as autonomic hyperarousal , ,loss of energy. insomniaAutonomic hy per-arousal, insomnia, loss of energy.Emotional shock, numbness, denial, fear, anxiety helplessness, hopelessness.Cognitive disorientation, confusion, intrusive thoughts, images, memories.Hyper-vigilance, impaired concentration and memory.Social withdrawal, irritability, loss of trust and faith, avoidant behaviour (i.e. of any reminders of the event).These normal reactions comprise most of the core symptoms of PTSD, i.e. intrusive experiences, hyper-arousal and avoidant behaviour, as defined in the ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders (ICD-10 WHO, 1992).7 For a stately diagnosis of PTSD, such symptoms must be experienced for at least a few weeks. (The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV also necessitatesrequires that such symptoms mustto be present for one month. (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).8In addition the impact on individuals, terrorism has mass psychogenic impacts. Mass psychogenic illness has been defined asThe rapid spread of illness signs and symptoms affecting members of a cohesive group, originating from a nervous system disturbance involving excitation, loss or alteration of function whereby physical complaints that are exhibited unconsciously have no corresponding organic aetiology. (Bartholomew Wessely, 2002). 9As regards community reactions, they may present with distinct features. Tyhurst provides a three phase model of community response. (Tyhurst, 1951).10 In Phase I, most individuals are liable to be stunned, numbed or even in denial. Denial was the normally reported reaction among the office staff of Capital Hill, Washington DC following the anthrax scare in 2001. It took some time for the affectees to realize they might have been exposed to a toxic substance. North et al., 2005).11 Widespread panic is not a typical reaction (though widely depicted in tragedy films, etc.). Approximately 10 per cent of victims are likely to panic, and this reaction is most like ly when victims believe they are trapped and feel helpless. Durodie Wessely, 2002).12In the 1987 Kings Cross thermionic tube fire most passengers did not panic on the contrary, they sought out the usual methods of entry and exit. (Donald Canter, 1992).13 Similar personal reactions were observedgiven after the London terrorist incidents of July 2005. Hence the civil contingency planning clearly should not be found on ill-informed assumptions about human behaviour. Even in extreme situations human behaviour can be rational, altruistic, and even heroic.In Phase II which is the Recoil Phase, individuals seek to make sense of what has happened. They seek reunion with their common sources of support, e.g. families, friends and colleagues. Even makeshift groups may develop as individuals seek under raiseing and mutual support. During this period, the community develops a sense of order and control, and the concerned relief authorities can do a lot much to facilitate this step towards r ecovery..Phase III, the Recovery Phase is characterized by alternating episodes of adjustment and relapse and there may be some obvious examples of resilience and positive outcomes. Further comprehensive look studies must be A lot of research still needs to be done in order to understand how communities cope with chronic exposure to threat and adversity, but Jones and his colleagues have reassessed the social effects of air raids in Great Britain during the spot World War. They indicate a high direct of civilian resilience developed during that period. (Jones et al., 2004).14 Similarly, law enforcement authorities have commented on the apparently low level of violence-related psychopathology reported in Northern Ireland during the Troubles.clinical data is still not enough to identify It is unclear, as to what are the protective factors in these circumstances. across-the-board denial, social cohesiveness, a united front against a common enemy or some other as yet undetermined in fluences could be termed as protective factors.Mental Health StudiesMental health research studies are conducted worldwide to explore the effects of terrorism both on the individuals and the community. Whereas some show the psycho-pathological effects of terror (Galea, Ahern, Resnick et al., 2002),15 others focus on the human suffering, which is not identical to psychiatric morbidity (Wessely 2003),16 and on community and cultural factors that modify people to weather the stressful event (Hobfoll, 2003).17 This conflict between two distinct approaches (Wessely, 2003) ishas yet to be bridged. Any horrific event can affect people instantly or indirectly even if they are not the targets. Hence the target of the interventions is not the individual victim only, but all the people more indirectly affected by the incidence. An impartial approach may be suitable. The World Health administration (WHO) has issued guidelines for action during emergencies which seem to support such a stand (WHO, 2003).18Experiencing or witnessing a violent attack does not necessarily mean that the individual will inevitably develop psychiatric morbidity (Curran, and Miller, 2001).19 After the family 11, 2001 attacks in New York City, it was observed thatIn the aftermath of terrorist attacks, many Americans regarded their distress as a normal reaction rather than a disorder needing psychiatric care. (Drus and Marcus, 2004).20 soon available data suggest that it takes more than the agent (e.g., threat to life) to lead to psychopathology. Indeed, the role of the environment is of significance, as a part of the epidemiological triangle that has been toss away by a greater focus on host-related factors (e.g., gender or age of the victim). ) A study on adults have recognized a group of factors, including religious beliefs, ideological commitment and social capital, that have protected communities which were highly exposed to terrorist attacks (like the loss of dear ones, physical injurie s and property damage etc). Ideology and piety may be used as a healing power, but also as a weapon. This is especially true in the Middle East region. (Solomon, and Laufer (2005)21 Shalev et al. Shalev,22 Tuval-Mashiach Hadar, 2004 Kaplan et al. Kaplan,23 Matar, Kamin, et al., 2005 Billig, Kohn, and Levav, 2004).24All the research data today gives hope that, by advancing research on the mental health effects of war-related activities will be conducive to the development of new techniques to counter the psycho-social aftermath of wars and other such traumatic events., Ppsychiatrists worldwide are joining the call by WHO member states to devise means to restore the psycho-pathological damage sustained by victimized populations. The World Psychiatric Association (WPA) has been active in the recent Gaza Massacre,by giving an official statement. (See Mario Maj. statement in Chapter 1V -Wars in the Muslim World1).25Nonetheless On the other hand, psychiatrists could play other roles eve n at the risk of raising idealistic initiatives which cynics might like to dismiss. There are several possibilities open for psychiatrists who, by the nature of their profession can, besides promoting health, support peace rather than war. Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals from countries in conflict could engage in alliance in a number of activities (e.g., teaching, exchange of experiences in program development and services, communication), while they are actively, tenaciously and continuously supported by WPA.Most importantly, psychiatrists must endeavour to make their societies even more ardently aware that in armed confrontations no one is a winner but that everyone is a victim. The model of collaboration in the Balkans, where mental health is a bridge to reconciliation within the framework of the Stability Pact, is a concrete example of what could be achieved when a unifying language is spoken, and when such an effort is reinforced by dedicated support from so urces that are not part of the conflict.Terrorism is a puzzlea topicalcontemporary, high-profile subject with clear relevance to the real-world today relevance, yetNevertheless with limited authentic and desperate shortage of research data available es in the area. Therefield there is an urgent need to encourage the younger researchers to take a keen n interest in continuing maintaining research activities .y in the area.Psycho-Social Effects of Terrorism on the Muslim WorldWhile nothing is easier than to denounce the evildoer, nothing is more difficult than to understand him. (Mikhailovich Dostovsky)The Muslim World has endured a succession of terrorist attacks in the last decade and faced the war against terrorism with endurance and resilience. The countries most affected were Iraq, Gaza, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and particularly the FATA region in Pakistan which has been labelled as the centre of terrorist training. Pakistan also became the first line of defense in this War on Ter ror. The most distressing aspect of this war is the amount of destruction, damage and killing of innocent civilians of these regions. ironically the damage done following the declaration of this war is to a large extent much greater than the loss which resulted due to the actual terrorist incident of 9/11 in New York.The Muslims worldwide have confronted the worst degree of terrorism from the powers who claim to bring peace and justice in the world. It is logical and excusable to control and battle against those who are involved in such degrading and inhumane acts of terrorism, however, some contemplation is necessary to remodel unreasonable and illogical methods or strategies chosen to fight this terrorism. The international media has been a major partner in this war against terrorism and played a key role in personation religious extremism in Islam as the major cause of present-day terrorism. But this is untrue since Islam is primarily a religion of peace, love and harmony. Unfo rtunately, clerics who have limited acquaintance of the teachings and values of the Islam have misguided some people for their vested interests. The misinterpretation of the teachings of Islam by irresponsible clerics has led to fanaticism.Islam is the most practical religion of the world. As narrated by Dr Muzammil H. Siddiqi26The thought of human rights in Islam is based on two important principles self-worth of human beings and justice. Islam emphasizes that all human beings are honoured by Allah subhanahu wa taala. Allah wants all human beings to suffer in peace and harmony and for this reason He wants us to establish justice in this world. Without justice there is no dignity and without dignity and justice there cannot be any peace.There are several passages in the Holy Quran verifying the above narrationIf any do fail to judge by (the light of) what perfection (Allah) hath revealed, they are (no better than) unbelievers. (Holy Quran 544).o ye who believe Stand out firmly for divinity (Allah), as witnesses to fair dealing, and let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to wrong and depart from justice. Be just that is next to piety and fear God (Allah). For God (Allah) is well-acquainted with all that ye do. (Holy Quran 58).Human blood is sacred in any case and cannot be spilled without justification. Violating this rule is equivalent to killing all of humanityif anyone drop away a person unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land it would be as if he slew the whole people. (Quran 532).Hence the Holy Quran advocates that death of a single human being is a death of humanity. At present it is vital to understand that words terrorism and war against terrorism apparently seems to be propaganda against Islam and Muslims. Such perceptions against Islam and the Muslims have taken a toll on the social, psychological and stimulated well-being of Muslims in different parts of the world. (Zafar, 2007).27Psycho-Social Impacts of Gaza Conflict On 31 January 2008, the Gaza Community Mental Health Programme (GCMHP) organized a Conference on Effects of Siege on Life and Mental Health of Palestinians in Gaza Strip. Taysir Diab, Clinical Psychiatrist and Supervisor at GCMHP, talked about the mental impacts of the siege based on GCMHPs experience. He stated that there It is not one, but were a group of bio-psycho social factors that which caused mental illness. Diab of these factors under the siege on Gaza and that the and its psychological, physical and social impacts of these factors were clinically identifiable. The siege, he verbalise, had a direct effect on the appearance of new psychiatricmental cases and the relapse of old ones.There are personal differences on the physical and psychological levels there are protective factors such as religion, patriotism, norms and values, as well as social support. All these factors along with others contributed in the protection of individuals.and the development of new mental illnesses in the Palestinian people.According to Diab, a vast majority of the Palestinian populations were suffering from symptoms of psychiatricmental disorders. He pointed out that the clients of GCMHPs Community Centers suffered from various psychological problems, including panic, insecurity feelings of insecurity, easily provoked aggressiveness, anger, easily provoked, psychosomatic disorders, depression, frustration, low morale, fear, poor concentration, lack of belonging or affiliation, lack of confidence in self and others, aroused numbness,numbness, and PTSD symptoms., various physical complaint, Oobsessiveon-Ccompulsive Disorders were common, and there was a definite rise in illness relapses.rise in illness relapses.Diab further mentioned that the siege affected the compromising groups, in particular children who suffer increasingly from fear, panic, and at times apathylack the feeling of risks, tendency of sadness and insecurity feelings of insecurity., as well as Bbed-wetting and stutteringstuttering, was also a common presentation. He also pointed that the siege affected the mental health professionals in term of increasing their mental stresspressures and state of frustration, avoidance, nervousness, and professional burn-out.Furthermore, Ahmad Abu Tawahina, Senior Clinical Psychologist and Director General of GCMHP, statedmentioned that the major aimplan behind the siege imposed by Israel wasis to implantinstil panic and fear among the Palestinians citizens. He saidWe, as Palestinians, must never live a frustrating and despairing life and have to get rid of the negative impacts of siege since life goes on, and the professionals must exert all efforts in order to help people cope with the difficult situations.Twahina also stated that it was vital that Palestinians should not drown in terror and fear since most of the above mentioned symptoms are natural reactions to a madcrazy reality. He also addressed the concept of victimof victim ps ychology and commented on the importance of offering the mental services for people who suffer from frequent depressions, and increasing concerns. According to him the mental suffering affects everybody but at different levels, and that theere is depression, anxiety, tension, and despair is prevalent at the entirewhole community levels. In his work paper, .Samir Zaqout, a psychologist at GCMHP, discussedtalked about the social changes resulting from the siege. He statedadded thatthe siege started in 1948 when Israeli Occupation practiced siege policy in an attempt to deny the Palestinians their identicalnessThe siege is doubled as it is imposed by Israel and the international community since they didnt allow the Palestinians to practice their rights in a democratic way.Further, Zaqout pointed that the siege affected the Palestinian social fabric and domestic relations as hatred and tendency of revenge increased among the Palestinians. It also affected the moral values and accepting the other as well as increasing inter and intra familial disputes and conflicts.Summing up the proceedings of the Conference Eyad el Sarraj pointed to the significance of highlighting such statistics and showing the direct impacts of the siege on the citizens. He stressed on the importance of the accuracy and avoiding exaggeration in stating any statistics. Sarraj focused on the victim psychology. He saidSince we, as Palestinians, shouldnt adopt the role of victim, and exaggerate in blaming others and defaming ourselves. Our priority should be national reconciliation and unity and supporting the Palestinian resiliency so as to achieve our legitimate rights, endorsed by international conventions.Concluding the conference the mental health experts reiterated that it was crucial that the siege must end and professionals must undertake their roles in the field of education and mental health. This would be the first step in to bring some semblance of normality to the lives of the Gaza C ommunity. This step was vital, in order to enable them to cope with negative consequences of the siege and minimize the resultant burdens. Moreover, it was agreed to work on the promotion of mental resilience programs for ending the siege and developing cope strategies to counter the negative mental health consequences.It was agreed that the Palestinian people are steadfast and live with dignity, and should not bend or despair and take matters positively and effectively in order to resist all schemes aiming at weakening Palestinian social fabric, and to achieve the Palestinian rights in freedom, independence and establishing the Palestinian state. Further, the attendants emphasized the importance of working, as specialists in various fields, on influencing the decision makers in the Palestinian society and acquaint them with the destructive impacts of the siege at all levels, especially the mental health of the future Palestinian generations.The physical and mental health needs of sufferers of Gaza are extremely challenging to address, particularly the psychological and randy crises. During the last Israeli military strike in the period from December 2008 to January 2009, approximately 1380 Palestinians were killed, of whom 431 were children and 112 women. (United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2009). At least 5380 people were injured, including 1872 children and 800 women. In these ad-lib settings within health facilities such as maternity wards and operating theatres were transformed into trauma units. The consequences must be drastic in terms of maternal and child morbidity and mortality because 3500 deliveries were expected to have taken place during the twenty-three days of military operations. Findings from a recent UNFPA assessment indicate that, during that period there was an increased number of miscarriages in pregnant women (Shifa, Al Aqsa, Naser, Rafah), and an increased neonatal mortality in Shifa Hospital in Gaza City. (UNFPA, (2009).Accordi ng to World Health Organization (WHO), only the rough estimates show that during the last Gaza crisis 25000 to 50000 people underwent severe mental stress and need some form of psychological intervention to address long effects. Women, separated children, elderly people, and people with prior physical or mental disabilities are at high risk of severe emotional distress than others. The tax return of normal socioeconomic conditions, secure living

Essay --

Melville didnt name the chapter in the novel, Moby-Dick, randomly. It is evident in this chapter that his syntax, diction, and the vivid descriptions truly depict a unison. A symphony is a piece of music created for an orchestra and typically has four parts, or movements Allegro, Andante, Adagio, and Presto. This chapters organization can be compared with the parts of a symphony, hence the reasoning rotter Melvilles title The Symphony.In the beginning of the chapter, Ishmael enjoys the clear steel-blue day. Clear steel-blue day is imagery and a metaphor, painting a picture in my sense of a very cerulean blue sky with no clouds. Melville describes the air as being pure, soft, and feminine whereas he describes the sea as robust, strong, and masculine. He is development personification by giving the air and sea, feminine and masculine features, respectively. He then again uses personification by describing the fish of the sea as strong, troubled, and having murderous thinkings. The panorama depicts an ideal view for a day of relaxation. This description is the Allegro of The Symphony...

The Greek Economy :: essays research papers fc

The Grecian EconomyAgricultureThe Greek economy depends a lot on agriculture. One quarter of the Greekworkforce is engaged in farming, and agriculture constitutes rough 15% of the interior(prenominal) production. Not much attention has been drawn on the agriculturalsector of the economy. The farms are pretty small, the division of inheritingland has reduced the average size to 3,4 hectares (8 acres) and it is reallydifficult to use mechanised equipment efficiently. Yields are also low collect tothe dryness and erosion of the soil. Lets take a look at the yearly output ofsome major crops tobacco 142000, wheat 2.6 million, tomatoes 1.9 million,oranges 780000, corn 2.1 million, sugar common beet 1.9 million, grapes 1.6 million,olives 1.5 million, potatoes 850000 and cotton 222000. Livestock included some10.8 million sheep, 3.5 million goats, 800000 head of cattle, 31 million poultryand 1.2 million pigs.Forestry and FishingThe Greek government owns the two-thirds of the forestland and has materialisedher plans i.e. to change the trees that were destroyed during World War II.About 2.9 million cu m of timber were annually cut in the late 80s andapproximately the 75% of the product was hardwood. Fish exports are limitedbecause of the widespread consumption of fish products within Greece. However inrecent years thousands of tons of fish are exported apiece year, due to the everincreasing development of fish farms in the country. In the late 80s the annualcatch totalled 135000 tons, from which 80% was consumed within Greece. Spongesare the main leatherneck product exported.MiningMining is of little importance to the Greek economy. We should mention thoughthe annual output of minerals in tons bauxite 2.3 million, iron ore 1.3 millionand magnesite 884400. Also, about 279200 cu m of marble were quarried. Petroleum,salt, chromium, silver, zinc were also produced.ManufacturingApproximately one fifth of the Greek workforce is engaged in manufacturing,which contribut es 18% of the annual pull in production. The manufacturedproducts include food, beverages, tobacco, textiles, clothing, chemicals,cement and wine. Athens is the manufacturing center of Greece.Currency and BankingThe national currency of Greece is drachma. The central banking institution isthe Bank of Greece. The biggest banks of Greece are the National Bank of Greece,with 470 domestic branches and the Agricultural Bank of Greece with 420 branches.Foreign TradeGenerally Greece spends each year much more on imports than it receives fromexports. This "imbalance" is offset to a certain issue by tourist revenues andby remittances from Greeks living abroad. In the 80s the imports totalled 3trillion drachmas and exports earned 1.5 trillion drachmas.