Effective Persuasion Week Six Assignment

The author did a magnificent Job to persuade my thinking toward health care system in the United States that health care should be considered as a fundamental right to all U. S. Citizens. The author's essay was easy to follow, well constructed, and straight-forward to his topic sentence. Writer had a strong introduction, supportive points, and a conclusion. The author provided enough facts to support his [her argument regarding health insurance should be accepted as basic right for all theU. S. Citizens Just like education. Health care converges are very expensive that a normal person cannot effort. I like the fact he presented in his/ her writing that even citizens with health insurance will still end up paying out of their pocket. Insurance companies more concerns about their profits than providing health coverage. There is always a waiting list or have to wait in line to see a doctor even if you are covered by insurance. The entire U. S citizens have to stand up and fight for thei r rights.I also legalized that the author did not use any I statements, which means the author is not bias. That is true that having health care system to the U. S. Citizens will save many lives and courage the health of all Americans. I will be using feedback from Written to make my persuasive essay more effective. Wrestling's feedback helps to fix some of the common grammar errors such as leaving out commas, right words choices; using awkward construction such as â€Å"his/her†, spelling check, and much more can help me to make my persuasive essay more effective.Written also recommend avoiding using first and second person such as I and You in sentences. With the help of Written my essay will be grammar error free, which will sound much better when the reader will be reading it. My essay will persuade my audience every effectively. I will make sure my essay is error free and well constructed. I will be using all sorts of sentences types in my essay to ensure my audiences do not get bored or lose his/her interest while reading my essay. I will be providing strong facts and examples to support my topic sentence.To make sure my essay is not bias I will ensure not to use gender pronouns such as â€Å"he,† â€Å"she,† â€Å"him/her,† or any of these substitutions. Use of gender pronouns is awkward in academic writing and can divert the audiences from the point you are trying to make. To fix this dilemma I will be using plural nouns such â€Å"their† or â€Å"they. † I will ensure not to use â€Å"l† statement sentences such as â€Å"l think† or â€Å"l believe† to make my essay sound opinionated and ensure to provide both side of the stories so the audience do not think the my essay is biased. By Sizing

Key Account Team (KAT) Essay

As a result of the recent meltdown in mortgage-backed securities market, C&B’s changed its internal processes so as to react competitively and increase its market share. Two key changes occurred: the creation of a Key Account Team (KAT) and the restructuring of the division-wide performance management system, which would help determine a salesperson’s annual compensation. Although there are some disadvantages to the new system, Winston should recommend the KAT concept to other regional managers. The new system not only helps managers have a well-rounded understanding of its salespeople’s performance, it also helps the company to allocated appropriate resources to money-making accounts. Because the taxable securities group represented 60% of total sales in the office, C&B’s created KAT, a group of 5 highly specialized salespeople, to fulfill the need for more product expertise in higher margin segments. The advantage of having KAT was that customers now had salespeople who offered in-depth, technical advice on specific issues. Furthermore, Kat along with the new evaluation system increased the frequency of communication between the New York and Boston offices. Lastly, the new structure allowed the best salesperson to be focused on the product needing the most help. On the other hand, others argued that this change made it more complicated to make large, multiproduct trades because more people needed to be involved. Another con was that salespeople felt too specialized, thus, limiting their career prospects. Nevertheless, the change had generated higher profit per dollar of sales in the Boston Office. Additionally, with the new compensation system, commissions were driven by sales volumes in areas of specialization and not from demand in within the client base. This meant that there was an even higher possibility for salespeople to generate more income. Thus, specialized salespeople were compensated for this so called limitation, meaning that their inclination to leave the firm could be swayed. Although there are some disadvantages to becoming more specialized, C&B has to accommodate its clients and their needs in order to be competitive. Therefore, Winston should recommend its new structure to other regional managers because it’ll make the company the one stop for companies looking for specialization in riskier segments.

Crime in America Essay

Crime statistics tells us the variation of crimes that are being committed in the United States. The Bureau of Statistics compiles information processed in the federal justice system and gives us statistics on the many different crimes in America. This is a site that compiles crimes and tells us about how many different crimes are being committed and how many times they are being committed. This also gives us an idea of how much space we need to house these criminals. There are many jails and prisons that are over populated. Statistics also tell us that our crime fighting is not as good as it should be. With the websites for crime reporting this helps us to see what crimes are being committed and, how we can prepare for this and, how to prevent it. There is not a way to stop all crime or even prevent it but if we know what crimes are being committed more it will help us get a better understanding on how to catch the criminals that are involved in this type of behavior. In my honest opinion no crime is ever going to be completely stopped. If we all work together to pinpoint the main crimes we may also be more prepared to deal with them and catch the individuals involved. Crime in America today is on the rise the question is how to fix it before it gets out of hand. There are many different crime reporting measuring systems today. These help us get an idea of what crimes are being committed the most in what areas. With these types of statistics we may be able to start fighting crime in these areas to prevent further destruction in our communities. The Nation’s two crime measures are the UCR program and the NCVS. The UCR (Uniform Crime Reporting) this program collects information on crimes reported to law enforcement agencies. It compiles data monthly from the state agencies that report to the FBI. This system examines each report for accuracy or errors that may have occurred. It compares each monthly report to previous months and years to determine how much crime was committed from each month to each year. It gives us a detailed annual report. This comes in handy when trying to figure out if crime is on the rise or it is decreasing. The NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey) this program gives us a detailed picture of crime incidents, victims and trends. This is used to uncover crime, update the survey methods and broaden the scope of crimes measured. The survey is designed to collect detailed information on the frequency and nature of the crimes that are being committed. This helps us to determine how many times this crime is committed and how it is being committed. It does over 43,000 personal household interviews twice a year. They rotate new houses every couple of years to make sure that it remains as accurate as possible. It also estimates crimes that have been reported and those that have not been reported. It also summarizes the reasons that individuals give for reporting or not reporting the crime. These programs share many similarities and differences. The similarities that they have are that they both measure crimes. The way that they measure crimes are very different from one another. But they both hope to achieve the same things. How they differ the most is in what they do. The UCR is designed to gather information and determine the statistics of the crimes reported by the law enforcement officers. The NCVS was designed to provide information about crimes that used to be unavailable. Also the two crime programs are different in other ways a well. One may judge crime by the size of the household, why the other judge’s crime by the number of crimes divided by so many people in that area. So as you can see even though they are out to achieve the same thing they just do it in different ways. It is hard to tell if the public’s perception of crime has changed over time. American’s perception of crime may be influenced by their assessments of how things are going in the country today. They also perceive it to be on how the country is economically. If America has a higher amount of jobs the crime rate may go down. When jobs are low and there is no work the crime rate may go up. Looking at the amount of crimes committed each year can also determine the public’s perception from one year to another. If they see more crimes in the last two years then they did in the previous years they are going to see that crime is on the high. I think that the future of crime depends on the economy. It also depends on how much crime is reported, and how people relate the experience of their crimes. If crimes are not being reported it is hard to figure out what types of crimes are being committed. It is hard for me to predict the future of crime because each criminal and each crime is different. If there were more people in America that would work as a whole to keep their community as safe as possible, I don’t think that crime would be big in that particular community. Also there are crimes today that are being committed due to lack of jobs. Most people will do what they have to, to make sure that their families are being taken care. A lot of problems today in my opinion depend on job security. If more people could have jobs then I don’t think that there would be as many crimes being committed. The American crime rate in my opinion just depends on the economy and the people in the economy. If you want to make a difference you will. If you don’t then you will be part of the problem not the solution.

Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nokia - Essay Example President will be the overseer managing everything through other people. Figure 1 displays how the chain of human resource would work; Making a move to Morocco will require creating a small subsidiary like company in Casablanca. Plus, from the demographic and survey reports, it is clear that the most skilled people live in Casablanca in Morocco, so Nokia’s search will be narrowed down. What they need to be looking are managers for finance, supply chain, sales and production. As the official language of Morocco is Arabic, there will be a lot of web apps needed to be developed specifically for Moroccan people in Arabic language. For this local IT experts and web developers will be welcomed. All of the departments will be in touch with the export manager, as he will be traffic sergeant of all the supplies from Finland, the home of Nokia. Another aspect that needs to be considered is how many personnel will need to hired from Morocco and how many will fly from Finland to Morocco. The reason for this plan is Nokia doesn’t need many phone manufacturing experts in Morocco, there is a complete powerhouse back in Finland for Nokia so there is hardly any need for establishing something along the manufacturing lines in Morocco. Nokia will only nee managers that can manage the sales and marker research side. The building will be located in Burgogne Ouest, which will give Nokia a central spot in the city to move and supply its Lumia phone easily throughout the city. Better access to phone markets will help refill shelves quickly than the competitors. Taxation system in Morocco consists of two paths; the direct and indirect taxation. Corporates come under the taxation frame known as â€Å"impà ´t sur les societies† or simply corporate tax (â€Å"Doing business in,†). Nokia will have to pay a tax rate of 30% of its income as given by Moroccan corporate law. This rate could

Social Networking and its impact on individuals professional life Literature review

Social Networking and its impact on individuals professional life - Literature review Example In today’s technological era, the term social networking has commonly been associated with online networking. Keeping this fact into consideration, only online social networking has been evaluated regardless of the impact of offline social networking and its impact on individual’s professional life. With exponential growth of social networking, it has been observed that several organizations have been presented with an opportunity to enhance the job satisfaction level of its employees. For instance, Google provided its employees with an opportunity to work from home, rather than waking up early in the morning and coming to office. This significantly impacted the overall professional life of an individual. (Garibian, 2012) By digging a bit deeper, it was assessed that professionals tend to invest their time in online social networking primarily to improve them, while maintaining their professional identity in today’s competitive landscape. To maintain their profes sional identity, professional tends to prefer networks that can help them in career enhancement followed by updates on brand and current affairs. ... According to statistics, LinkedIn is most popular among individuals between the age group of 25-34 (i.e. 33 percent). Within this age group, the reason for visiting LinkedIn has always been job search. Although, an individual within this age bracket may have a respectable job, but the possibility of finding another respectable job leads to frequent visits to LinkedIn. (Bullas, 2013) Professionals tend to frequently switch their jobs to enhance their career progression (Silu, 2013). According to a research, employees tend to switch their jobs primarily due to job insecurity or to move up the career ladder (Sverke, Hellgren, & Naswall, 2006). On the other hand, researches revealed that professionals tend to switch their job due to bad management (Branham, 2012; Job Interview, n.d.). Furthermore, employees tend to switch to find better fit with his/her skills and strengths (Rouen, 2011). This can be done easily through LinkedIn. With significant information regarding the job on LinkedIn , professionals tend to apply for new jobs to take next step in their career development. This can be clearly witnessed through the story of David T. Stevens who was nearly about to face the reduction in salary and other associated benefits with the job due to the decline in economy. By sourcing professionals throughout the world through LinkedIn, Steven got a job at Emeryville, Calif. This reflects that LinkedIn is used by every professional to search for better jobs (Adams, 2012). With the rise of social networking sites, organizations have been provided with an ability to create self-service model to attract the most feasible candidate. According to a research firm, LinkedIn has changed the process of recruitment in today’s

History of Mathematics High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of Mathematics High School - Essay Example The rods are placed in columns with the rightmost column representing the units, the next column representing the tens, then the nest representing the hundreds, and so on. Red rods represent the positive numbers while black rods represent the negative numbers. For example, the number 25 will have a representation using the rods where 5 will be placed in the rightmost column and 2 will be placed in the next column. An empty column represents zero (Chinese Rod Numerals (Counting Rods)). The rods were carried in a pouch and placed on a counting board which had compartments corresponding to the ones, tens, hundreds place and so on. Each compartment was split into two parts. The right part is for the heng (1 to 9) rods and the left part was for the tsangs (10 to 90) rods. Whole numbers are represented by combining these two types of rods. After the rods were placed in their rightful compartments, they were then manipulated by repositioning and reforming them as required by the arithmetic operation. The first evidence of the existence of zero is from the Sumerian culture in Mesopotomia some 5,000 years ago (Wallin). This was in the form of cuneiform symbol for numbers where a slanted double wedge between two cuneiform symbols indicates an absence of a number or zero. Over time it became a positional notation form in the Babylonian Empire.

Environmental Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Environmental Economics - Essay Example Ragweed plants are not native to Europe but were imported into the continent from America in the 19th century (Borenstein). According to the study co-author Robert Vautard, a scientist at the Climate and Environment Sciences Laboratory in Yvette, ragweed are not yet spread across the continent but they will have covered most parts by 2050 (Borenstein). According to Robert, some parts of the United Kingdom, France, and Germany do not have the deadly allergens. According to Daniel Chapman, a species expert at Center for Ecology and Hydrology in Edinburgh, the increase in temperatures and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will enable ragweed to be more active thus spreading further north. Although he did not participate in the study, Chapman praised the study and stated that the number of allergic sufferers will definitely increase (Borenstein). By using computer simulations with varying concentrations of carbon dioxide, the researchers estimated that if the amount of emissions from oil, coal, and gas are not reduced as expected, there will be annual pollen increase of 100 to 1100 percent (Borenstein). According to Vaudart, the study, which was simulated for 35 years, shows that the average increase in pollen concentration will be 300 percent. In addition to that, Vaudart added that only one third of the increased ragweed is caused by land use and the manner in which these plants take over new territories. The rest of the ragweed increase is mainly caused by climate change (Borenstein). According to earlier research and studies, ragweed season for pollen grain dissemination has extended its duration by around three weeks in North America mainly due to climate change (Borenstein). Michael Kolian, a US Environmental Protection Agency scientist stated that the new study matches with previous studies and US National Climate Assessment which established that climate change and the

Global communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Global communications - Essay Example The article further describes the condition known as sociological illiteracy and compares it to an individual being scientifically illiterate. Just as a scientifically illiterate person may have little or no idea about science, a person uneducated in the social sciences would be quite helpless when it comes to using or understanding the insights provided by fields such as sociology. The problem with this sort of illiteracy is also an issue of acknowledgement since a person may be quite willing to admit that they know very little about a scientific or artistic field but they may believe internally that hey are quite aware of social issues and the field of sociology. This conceptual awareness is weak and what adds to some people’s social illiteracy is the lack of acknowledgement that they are not fully aware of sociology as a science. They do not recognize that they are ignorant of social theories that can explain the shape of society as well as show why the social order operates the way it does. Instead of seeking proper knowledge and the evidence gathered by sociologists, socially ignorant individuals may take their own personal beliefs to be valid scientific knowledge. By using the schemas they have about the social system they live in, socially ignorant people use their own assumptions to not only view the world but also to explain it to others. In fact, the individuals who are suffering from social illiteracy are also suffering from the lack of sociological imagination. It is certainly true that many people can work as volunteers and even work as social workers in society but for the most part, they are unable to see beyond what they are doing. The issues concerning policy making and the problems of creating an effective social structure remain elusive to them. Without sociological imagination, it is impossible for them to see how their contribution to their sphere in a positive manner is

Icon effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Icon effects - Essay Example Is it just a matter of gaining money from tourism, or is there more to it than that? Idea of the cultural capital in the sense of a store of valuable ideas that means something to locals and to visitors. Who buys iconic objects and why? Key concepts: souvenirs, history, memory and pride. Four cities to be chosen (initial thoughts are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Liverpool). Think about criteria for selection, and amend choice if necessary. Plan a journey to each of the four cities, in such a way as to minimise costs. Devise a small budget to pay for travel and buy icons from 4 tourist shops in each city. Idea: ask shopkeeper what item under  £5.00 people buy most, note down the answer. Repeat in 4 shops in each city (budget maximum  £80 for icons, possibly less if the item is the same in two chosen shops, since there no need to buy twice). Take digital photographs of city’s main iconic objects or locations. Gather tourist brochures on each city for case study analysis. On return from field trips, prepare a case study of each city, describing the icons and discussing how each city uses them. When all four case studies are complete, compare and discuss them drawing out similarities and differences. In the conclusion, write up what the impact of the icons has been for each

I'll attach it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

I'll attach it - Essay Example The site also offers its visitors the option of a search for specific spams they might want to know and learn about. E-mail scams are unsolicited emails which claim the idea of a bargain or an offer for nothing. Email scams can invite unknowing victims to websites that contain detailed pitch too. Email-scams may take the form of urban legends or identity theft. Urban legend refer to stories that are either funny and/or contain horrifying content that may or may not be true. Such stories spread quickly and come in various forms (Scambusters). Often, email urban legends usually ask their recipients to forward the email to everyone they know. This, in fact, is one of the signs to know that is a false urban legend in one’s email ox. Scambusters.org through their subscription makes individuals aware of such urban legends. Scambusters.org through their urban legends and hoaxes resource centers makes one aware on whether such popular emails are true. Scambusters.org even provides a list and example of popular email hoaxes and urban legends. Scambusters.org notes identity theft as the fastest growi ng crime. Identity theft has taken the first position in Scambusters.org list of the worst internet scams. The site offers articles to prevent and recover from identity theft. Scambusters.org encourages people to get educated, be cautious, be secure, be vigilant and get help as the five keys to avoiding internet scam. Individuals should learn from available online resources on current risks. Individuals should be cautious when giving personal data online, and to whom they are giving it to. People should also regularly update their security software on their personal computers. Individuals should be vigilant by keenly monitoring what happens to their account by closely looking at online and paper statements. Individuals can also seek for professional help in regard to latest

The relationship between animal play and human play Essay

The relationship between animal play and human play - Essay Example The most important thing that their studies reveal is the relationship between the animal and human play. Play in humans and animals reveal that animals are as intelligent and as evolved as humans are. The texts prove that if humans learn from the animal behavior of play, then their life will be more fun and natural, and this will lead to freedom from psychological, social and biological distress that humans suffer. The texts also reveal that play not only brings fun and enjoyment in human life, but also helps in preventing the development of lifestyle related problems like depression, anxiety and tensions, which are the root cause of various psychological, social and physical problems. In doing so, the texts send a strong message that even though play is a source of fun and enjoyment, it should be taken seriously. Analysis The article by Huizinga â€Å"Nature and significance of play as a cultural phenomenon,† and the lecture by Brown â€Å"Serious play: Why play is more tha n just fun,† aim at making the reader understand the importance that play has in human life. In doing so, they have explored the different areas of life that are affected by play. However, Huizinga and Brown have taken different approaches to explain the role of play. While Huizinga has explored the cultural and historical base to explain how play is embedded in the very fabric of human life, Brown has taken a biological and scientific approach to explain the same. Even though their approaches are different, there is one point which they both have tried to highlight strongly and that is the relation between the play of animals and play of humans. Relation between play of animals and play of human Huizinga, in his article â€Å"Nature and significance of play as a cultural phenomenon,† has explained how play of human beings is not just a cultural or social phenomenon but is a natural phenomenon. To support his argument, he has explained how animals also know how to play and have fun. In fact, Huizinga goes to the extent of saying that â€Å"animals play just like men† (Huizinga 97). To prove his point, he has given the example of dog’s play. Dogs use different ceremoniousness of attitude and gestures to invite other dogs for play (Huizinga 97). Their rules of play, like not hurting or biting while playing, are communicated and agreed upon in non-verbal language (Huizinga 97). In doing so, they experience tremendous fun and enjoyment (Huizinga 97). This also shows that the purpose behind ‘play’ is not just physical or biological, but is something beyond it (Huizinga 97). Huizinga points to a very important fact that animals do not wait for humans to teach them how to play but do so naturally and on their own (Huizinga 97). This fact that animals play as good as humans is also revealed by Brown in his lecture. In his lecture â€Å"Serious play: Why play is more than just fun,† Brown has referred to the strong similar ity between play of animals and play of humans. He has given the example of polar bear to show how animals follow rules and communicate in non-verbal language to indulge in play. He has described how a polar bear override the carnivorous tendencies when he gets

Power and Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Power and Knowledge Essay Poststructuralism as one of the contemporary political philosophy gain its popularity because of its radical assumptions that veered away from the traditional structuralist thinking. The project of the renaissance scholars to control everything including nature through the used of knowledge particularly scientific knowledge did not gain much fame in this late century. Structuralism although it offers much in looking how institutions served as parts of a social system tend to believe that society could control the individual with the aid of science. However, the ideas of Jean Lyotard, Michel Foucault and Jean-Luc Nancy proved otherwise. The dream of grand theorists to integrate knowledge and create a unified social system is the very idea that most contemporary theorists avoid. Prior to the development of poststructuralism, discussion on power and knowledge is always a feature seen within the structures and not something that emanates from the individual, this structure-agency pendulum continues to fascinate theorists. Structural functionalists believed that social structures such as religion, culture, and government have strong hold over the individual particularly in their socialization process. Talcott Parsons (1951) for instance, look society as the social system divided by subsystems that have specific functions. Each part of society functions and creates mutual interdependence thus maintaining the dynamism of whole social system(Parsons: 1951). The Contemporary political philosophy opens a lot of venues in analyzing society with proposing meta narratives. Much of the themes of contemporary thinkers would be on the consequences of modernity, globalization among others. Topics on power and knowledge are just two of the basic issues that philosophers continuously are gaining interest. It provides a picture on how the development of knowledge transformed power relations in contemporary society. Contemporary political philosophy as it is advanced by the writings of three philosophers mentioned in the previous paragraph, look at power and knowledge in a different light. Before, the scholars would think that the development of knowledge is in a continuum and that power is exerted by institutions to the individual as if power has a center or a fixed point. In Contemporary political philosophy one can view that the source of power comes from various agencies,and the struggling character of power is in every discourse. Power is not only evident on political apparatus, on the religious order or on the intellectual community but power is seen on all arrays of everyday existence. Our day to day social relations are power relations. One of the contemporary thinkers who would employ much time in discussing power is Foucault. Some thinkers considered him as a poststrcuturalist or a postmodern thinker, because of the fluidity of his ideas. Moreover, there are critics who accused him of relativism because of his theory favors, intersubjectivity, the discursive method, discourse among others. Foucault (2002) did not suggests a central power or a solid one that one can see for instance in an authoritarian society, rather in looking at society, one could see ‘pockets’ of power or a decentralized one coming from various discourses. On the other hand, in his theory of knowledge one can see its deviation from Descartes Cogito. Reason as the underlying principle of the enlightenment period, did not escaped the gaze of Foucault. In his Madness and Civilization (1965) he examined that through history, madness became an invention that would serve as the opposite of reason. With the definition on madness as â€Å"non-rational† or irrational, it justifies the power of reason during the enlightenment period. Only through its binary opposition which is madness can reason hold its power. The control of the patient with the development of psychiatry in Madness and Civilization (1965) also served as a critique that looks at how modern society manifests the same features as that one can find in the discipline of psychiatry. There are various means by which society controls the individual. Foucault discussed that in the modern era, exercising power need not necessarily be brute and obvious. One example is his idea of punishment as a result of deviating from the norm. Foucault in Discipline an Punish (1977), discussed in what way torture as a form of punishment in the 18th century was transformed by discipline. With the birth of the prison, instead of attacking the physical body the institution inculcate discipline as a form of punishment. This feature of the prison, and even the birth of the clinic shows how slowly modern society is becoming more authoritarian and all of these are possible because of the different knowledge that people believe as true and moral during their times. Foucault in his Archeology of Knowledge (2002) look at historical development not in a continuum because he did not believed in a unified discourse as proposed by grand narratives such as that of the Parsonian theory. What one can see through history are various realities, are what he called discontinuities. Much of his theory of power and knowledge could also be seen in the History of Sexuality (1990) wherein he is not interested in sexuality per se, but in looking at the underlying struggle within the discourse of sexuality. While in the earlier periods, society repress one’s sexuality, this kind of discourse even propagates it. The more that society for instance repressed homosexuality, the more that people become interested in exploring the topic. In the History of Sexuality (1990)), he sees the reciprocal relation of power and knowledge. One example is the different meanings that society give on sexual relations such as relations out of marriage and the one allowed by the community. These definitions creates divisions in society, thus exercising power over the individual through social norms. By propagating a certain kind of knowledge, this could lead to a power relation between groups. The one who is in control of knowledge will therefore exercise power to the other group. However, it must be clear that the reciprocal relation of power and knowledge is not fixed rather it transform through every discourse. Apart from Foucault, Jean Lyotard also contributes to the debate on the relationship of power and knowledge. In his book, the Postmodern Condition (1979) Lyotard mentioned that the transformation of society into industrialized and complex system leads into the redefinition of the nature of knowledge. In Modern societies, the power of the capitalists to open the market leads to the question that, what kind of knowledge is acceptable or is legitimate provided that there are a lot of choices. Lyotard(1979) sees the complexities in modern times because when one looks at it, it is in no longer a question of simple legitimacy of knowledge but a question of who has the power to decide what is acceptable or legitimate. In addressing the uncertainties of knowledge, Lyotard suggests that one should employ the value of speaking the same language game. How can people speak the same language provided that there are various ways of learning things? Lyotard believes that one must contextualize, and in this part he adopts Wittgensteins’ language game. ’ By contextualizing, the person should be aware of the rules before making considerable actions. Lyotard believes that to be able to analyze knowledge in contemporary society, one must consider what kind of society it is situated. The split between Parsonian theory and that of Marxism will definitely help in looking at the problem of knowledge. Initially one will decide whether to maintain the status quo or radically change it. Because of the ability of language to bind society through communication, Lyotard favors this framework in addressing the issue of knowledge in the postmodern era. Greatly influenced by Heidegger on the other hand, Jean -Luc Nancy (1991) believed that we are thrown into the world therefore we should not rely on God for our existence. Contemporary society according to him is becoming more chaotic in the sense that the harmonious relation in traditional society is transformed into a complex society where there are a lot of uncertainties. Uncertainties are brought by the unintended consequences of modernity. With the advent of globalization, the closed and neatly tied community is transformed into a complex one. While some thinkers consider the development of society into industrialized one as beneficial, still there are paradoxes to this rationality. Nancy in his concept of community critique the grand project of some societies to create a well-planned system such in the case of the socialist state where it only leads to violence. Much of the discussions of contemporary political philosophy dwells on how you can locate the discourse on power as a consequence of the accumulation of knowledge. The Unintended consequences of man’s search for knowledge and the transformation of knowledge into its many forms leads to different power relations. These power relations are seen on every realm of life, on every discourse in society. It is crucial to note that in the analysis of power, power lies to those who have control over knowledge, and in this age of information technology where there is an easy access to all forms of knowledge, it is only logical to think that power is distributed therefore decentralized. While the contemporary era provide a lot of alternatives,undeniably there are consequences that not even scientific knowledge can calculate. Yet the quest for further knowledge continues because beneath those ideas there you can always find power. Various forms of power operates on every realm of life. These are the fascinations of philosophers of the twentieth century.

Clubhouse Facilities For The Youth Physical Education Essay

Clubhouse Facilities For The Youth Physical Education Essay Young people are trying to make an impact and make a positive transition to adulthood. This research will provide an over view of what facilities the youth need and want. Out of school services for the youth is essential. Youth are concerned about not having enough facilities for them. Most youths even use this as an excuse when they end up in trouble. When most youths are asked what problems they go through they tend to say boredom and nothing to do For the purpose of this research clubhouse will be defined as an enclosed space used for regular gathering for different purposes these being leisure and social purposes. Youths need to progress from childhood to adulthood therefore clubhouses can play a role in the development of such services to them. Lack of youth facilities are the main barriers towards youths involvement in recreational activities. Clubhouses are an ideal place to meet friends and socialize. Sports activities, fitness centers music clubs and the likes can all be incorporated into a clubhouse. Problem Statement Most clubhouses in Malaysia do not have facilities for the youth. The youth are increasing in population and a need for an environment for them to interact and grow in a responsible but monitored way is of importance. This intern would help reduce crime, drug abuse and other mischief the youths engage in. Scope of Research Most clubhouses in Negeri Sembilan do not accommodate for an eco-friendly environment and youth facilities. The aim of this research is to improve the design of clubhouses so as to also cater for the youth in and around Malaysia. This will be done by a comparison of clubhouse facilities in Negeri Sembilan. Negeri Sembilan will be ideal because it is the state which has the highest number of clubhouses in Malaysia. Research Purpose The purpose of this research is to identify and investigate facilities offered by clubhouses. This information can then be used for the design of an environmentally friendly and eco- conscious clubhouse for the youth. The research will take into consideration two issues Whether existing clubhouses accommodate for the youth And what facilities would be appropriate and engaging for the youth This will be done through reviewing existing clubhouses and analyzing leisure trends for the youth. Research Objectives Identify the required comfortable facilities of a clubhouse Investigate and evaluate the suitability of current or existing facilities of a clubhouse To identify the requirements to develop a clubhouse which can meet the current and future demands of the youth. Recommend the required or proper facilities to be applied for the youth and determine strategies that will help these clubhouses meet youths needs Research Questions Why do clubhouses not accommodate for the youth? What do the youth have to say about it? Will the availability of clubhouse youth facilities improve youth behavior and encourage the young adults? What eco-friendly facilities do the youths need? Does the community think youth facilities are necessary and important for the development of the youth How many youths would actually use the clubhouse facilities? How eco-friendly are the facilities in existing clubhouses Hypothesis the hypothesis throughtout this research is h0 Non participation by youth in youth activities can be related to the inadequacy of existing clubhouses dealing with the provision of youth facilities h1 Availability Youth facilities in accordance to youths needs and wants are linked to a range of positive outcomes from the youth. h3 the lack of youth facilities for the youth in Negeri Sembilan leads to the youths neglecting the existing clubhouse facilities. Methodology Audit of existing clubhouse facilities Analysis of clubhouse sites Review reports and studies Analysis of sport, recreational and social trends influencing the youth Survey of clubhouse organizations Community survey (questionaires) Group meetings with young adults(youths) Conclusion This chapter has attempted to expose the main problem underpinning the research. As the reasearcher I am left with several questions that specific answers are being sought. The following chapters will help me derive answers and conclusions or recoomodation for the question raised by the research questions C:UsersThe Beauty clinicDownloadslinton.jpg C:UsersThe Beauty clinicDownloadscoventry Names Ruth Rumbidzai Mataswa Matric card number Cuadt4-09/09-00026 Subject Design And Project Implement (Workshop) Title Research Proposal Lecturer Ms.Lin Yola CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW Defining Youth Clubhouse Facility Clubhouse Guidelines Youth Facilities Youth Facility Planning Framework Planning of Youth Facilities Classification of Youth Facilities Introduction Introduction A clubhouse is a building or an area used for social or recreational purposes and activities. It gives individuals the opportunity to relax and exercise their interests and abilities.They are several clubhouses in Negeri Sembilan a state in Malaysia. The initiative aims is to enhance opportunity for young adults to become physically active through the development of a eco-friendly leisure environment. Identifying the impact and factors that affect participation in leisure centres and focusing on actions that can be taken to improve participation can be done through exploring key concepts.Attending leisure centres is important inorder to maintain health and slowing down the deterioration of an individuals body and mind.. A club house arises from the necessity to create a public facility, the purpose of the club house is to provide opportunity for young adults ages 18-25 to experience an eco friendly environment and encourage interaction amoung each other.As Young adults are dealing with identity and purpose, a club house will serve as a community and entertainment area for them. A clubhouse has the potential to reshape orientation for young adults in several ways. This would motivate young adults to not get involved in crime, and instead join and meet together and encourage each other. The size and arrangement of spaces within the facility and the siting of the building should support and optimize the operation of the clubhouses activities. The primary purpose of a club house is to create and provide opportunity for the community to pursue their recreational interests. It also important to improve the physical environment and its accessibility AIM OF CLUBHOUSE The club house should achieve three goals Control and support activities in an eco friendly environment for the community Amenity for the community Service to the community A clubhouse should be accessible to as many community patrons as feasible. It should be visible from main circulation of the community, to increase accessibility.There are many aspects to a good club house but mainly it should serve the current and future needs of the club, culture, ability and gender. It should also be attractive, high quality, efficient and economical.The success of the clubhouse will depend on the responsiveness of its activity mix to the wishes of the community population, and to the effectiveness of the clubhouses internal organization and its location in the community. 2.0 The first stage for this review is to clarify from the literature the utilization of every of the terms. in this case definition of the youth, facilities, clubhouse and definition of a youth clubhouse DEFINING 2.1 YOUTH The United Nations General Assembly defines Youth as the persons falling between the ages of 15 24 years inclusive9.( UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.) The emerging of a new interim of social status between childhood and adulthood.(Jensen Rojek, 1998). The concept of adolescence has also been referred to in the literature as youth. From this perspective, it is apparent that youth are a uniquely separate group, requiring special attention to their needs as they move through this critical development period called adolescence (Siegel Welsh, 2005). It is felt that this is the right age and stage where the youth should be shaped and molded into responsible adults (Jensen Rojek, 1998, p37). In Malaysia, Putrajaya the youth are defined as the persons of age 18 and 25 under the new national Youth policy. Sports Minister Datuk Seri Ahmad Shabery Cheek just recently confirmed the change of youth definition from 18 40 years to 18-25 years this was done in accordance to international standards. United Nations defines youth as 15 to 24years whilst Common wealth defines it as 15 to 29 years. According to these literatures it is clear that the youth are considered to be those persons aged between 15 and 24 years, and from my perspective, I think the youth need attention as they develop. Youth is generally the time of life between childhood and adulthood (maturity) Among other youth related issues, the World Program of Action for Youth to the year 2000 and beyond identifies several issues that should be of high priority to Government and what the government are expected to offer the youth. Leisure time activities, is in the top ten of their highest priority. This brings us to the literature of leisure activities, which in this case can be achieved through the use of clubhouses. 2.1.1 FACILITY Something that creates the potential of better performance of any action; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ freedom from difficulty; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ease; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a building or complex of buildings, designed for a particular purpose, as for the holding of a sporting contest 2.1.2 CLUBHOUSE Is a building or enclosed area used as a regular gathering place by a group of people Community centre where community members gather for group activities, social support, public information and other purposes. Youth clubhouse: it is popularly known as a youth centre,it is an area where youth gather for recreational and leisure activities The youth centers are integrated into the mainstream community centers and have deliberately been not built as stand alone youth facilities. (Paul Leung) The International Clubhouse Coordination and Development helps support and coordinate the development of clubhouses, and helps coordinate training and on-going technical support on the club model through club training. It was established in 1994 and is bases in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. The ICCD maintains associate international certification process (ICCD Certification),a fidelity live, and a set of International Standards for club Programs. ICCD certification may be a clear demonstration of a clubhouses quality and commitment to excellence, associated provides an objective analysis of quality associated performance and an enlarged awareness of a clubhouses strengths and needs. The ICCD also provides technical help for stakeholders seeking to implement the model, a shift employment development program and may be a clearinghouse for clubhouse information. The Program for building analysis (PCR) at the University of Massachusetts graduate school conducts research relating to building effectiveness also as quality improvement efforts. One endeavor at the PCR is conducting a comprehensive survey of clubhouses affiliated with the ICCD for functions of quality assurance and program improvement. building administrators complete the survey designed to get info regarding the ways during which clubhouses opportunities for their members as well as individual outcomes for members utilizing clubhouse employment opportunities. The International Survey of Clubhouses seeks to look at and improve services provided in building programs affiliated with the International Center for building Development. One implicit goal underlying the International Survey of Clubhouses involves strengthening program infrastructure each by increasing the capability of clubhouses to gather valid and reliable info on a timely basis. The International Survey of Clubhouses seeks a range of knowledge regarding building characteristics, governance and administration, membership, staffing and staff credentials, unit structure, employment, housing activities, services, and participation in building training. 2.2 CLUBHOUSE GUIDELINES Careful planning of the accommodation is essential to confirm a roaring theme and special consideration ought to be given to the following points: The accommodation may be expanded to include: club/committee room offices restaurants fitness centre exercise studio physic treatment and first aid room bar and lounge dining area other social and indoor sports accommodation Library grounds maintenance store computer room However having these extra sports and social aspects depend on their potential to attract maximized use of the facility. The LGAQ Guidelines (1996:105-6) suggest that community facilities be understood as a means to an end in terms of multiple purposes they serve in the community: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ providing focal points for community interaction, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ building community identity, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ providing places and resources for meetings, community organising and activities, strengthening relationships, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ building responsible, self-supportive and safe communities, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Providing places and resources for delivery of services. 2.3 YOUTH FACILITY PLANNING FRAMEWORK FRAMEWORK à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a structure composed of parts fitted and united together, designed to support or enclose something The Social Planning Guidelines for Queensland Local Government (LGAQ 1996:105) pushes the limitations of this definition by asserting that community facilities can also be taken to include areas of open space such as parks, gardens, playgrounds, recreation areas, sports fields and bush lands. [p105] However, having pushed the limits of the definition, the Social Planning Guidelines immediately revert to a discussion of buildings. International literature reveals that integral to developing a youth facility planning framework is a clear understanding of the nexus, linking youth policy, youth participation and youth planning. 2.4 YOUTH FACILITIES Developing clear access or inclusion programs to ensure the youth facility is integrated into existing community facilities. It builds on a vision of more effective, accessible services for youth. It also integrates an array of services including: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ health and health education; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ career counselling and job placement; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ education, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the creative and physical arts; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ food services and nutrition counselling; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ prenatal care and services for adolescent parents, including nursery care; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ mental health counselling; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ substance abuse prevention and treatment services; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ legal counselling and representation; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ youth leadership training; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ information and referral services; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a variety of support services. Daly (2000:89-90) argues that the development of specific facilities requires project planning methodology According to Daly (2000:87) an approach to planning facilities is one that involves: Audit of existing facilities Future needs or opportunities analysis Classification of the facility types required at local, regional, state and international levels. 2.5 PLANNING OF YOUTH FACILITIES For the planning of youth facilities in particular, equity and social justice, rational distribution, integration, access, community development, location and collocation are identified as important. Several similar planning processes are considered. The significant insight offered by Daly (2000) is that a planning process at a regional or citywide level will involve a strategic planning process; but the planning of a specific facility requires a project planning methodology. 2.6 OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES FOR FACILITY PLANNING Daly (2000:77-80) identifies six objectives for regional level facility planning these being 1. Equity and social justice 2. Rational distribution 3. Integration 4. Access 5. Future provision 6. Conservation and environmental sustainability For each, Daly (2000) articulates planning principles: 1. Equity and social justice Consideration for the needs of all sections of the community regardless of age, gender, ethnicity or ability. Principles: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify and set aside land to meet the needs of existing and future population à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Provide facilities and open spaces capable of being adapted to meet the changing needs of the community over time à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maintain a balance of active and passive uses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Provide open space of high amenity 2. Rational distribution (A hierarchical structure ensures state and metropolitan, regional and local facilities complement each other) Principles: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Local facilities provide a range of recreation and sports services à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regional facilities provide a wide range of recreation and specialist sport facilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ State facilities have state significance and provide specialist facilities 3. Integration (Linkages with other community facilities, proximity to centres, and multiple use) Principles: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Encourage co-location in centres à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Encourage multiple use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Proximity to education, shopping, office and community facilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Design to accommodate as many different uses as possible à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Provide for a range and combination of uses 4. Access (Access by public and private transport is maximized) Principles: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ensure access by public, private and community transport à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Provide pedestrian and cycle linkages to residential areas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ensure facilities are designed to be accessible 5. Future provision (Adequate land is provided in appropriate locations) Principles: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify and set aside land to meet the needs of existing and future population à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Provide facilities and open spaces capable of being adapted to meet the changing needs of the community over time à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maintain a balance of active and passive uses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Provide open space of high amenity 6. Conservation and environmental sustainability (Designing and locating facilities should take into account conservation of the environment) Principles: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Environmentally suitable design à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Locate to minimise obtrusive effects on the living environment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Orient facilities and spaces with appropriate landscaping à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Provide adequate lighting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Use design features to design the edges of public spaces and give direction . 2.6 CLASSIFICATION OF YOUTH FACILITIES The Social Planning Guidelines for Queensland Local Government (1996:106-7) identify three types of community facilities according to their principal function: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ community activity centres where groups of people can meet and community activities can be conducted; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ community service centres from which a range of community services are provided; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ special purpose centres where design and usage restricts use for other purposes. Uses the following typology: Community infrastructure is defined as community, cultural, sport and recreation facilities, as outlined below: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sports: indoor and outdoor sports facilities, including courts, fields and centres à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Recreation: pedestrian and cycle pathways, public spaces, and facilities used for formal and informal recreation purposes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cultural: facility used for cultural purposes, including art gallery, library, theatre, cinema, museum, art/craft centres à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Community: facilities and services used for broad community purposes, including primary and high schools, University/TAFE, child care, church/religious centre, community and neighbourhood centre, community hall, hospital, medical/health centre, nursing home/aged care, caravan park, public housing, police station, and emergency services, key shopping centre/nodes. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Introduction As from the previous chapter the literature review has given me an overview and foundation by which to base my research. It is quite clear that there is limited research to facilities of a clubhouse compared to a comparison of existing clubhouses. Background of site The study area is in Negeri Sembilan one of the states in Malaysia. It covers an area of 6643 square km and its state capital is Seremban. The royal capital is Seri Menanti in the district of Kuala Pilah. Other important towns are Port Dickson, Nilai and Mantin. I will be focusing on Nilai, Seremban and Mantin in particular because these are the only towns that have clubhouses. Nilai is a rapidly growing town and is mostly occupied by students because of the surrounding universities. Mantin is another town in Negeri Sembilan and is under administration of Nilai District. It is along the main road connecting Seremban to Kajang. Seremban Was declared as a city and is the capital of Negeri Sembilan.it is situated about 30 km inland from the coast For the purpose of this research both qualitative research methods are to be used in order to answer the research questions and achieve the research objectives as stated in chapter one. The research is to be conducted in the area of negeri Sembilan in Malaysia. The methods used to gain qualitative ideas of clubhouse facilities will be Literature review Case studies Questionnaires Interviews I will place the methods in hierarchal order Literature review and case study will be gathered for guidelines and brainstorming. Interviews and questionnaires will be used for information gathering purposes. The purpose of my methodology would be to Detail the research collection method Explore community considerations on clubhouses Identify what facilities the youth need from a clubhouse Residents within Negeri Sembilan would be surveyed using questionnaires. Structed interviews will also be conducted with the relevant clubhouse owners, managers, residents and clubhouse users. The use of clubhouse questionnaires and interviews is made in a way that my research is easier and would help me relate with what the community also think of existing clubhouses. Methodology process I will take Finalize literature review Select case study Make questionnaire and interview questions Review and revise questionnaire Schedule survey and interview dates Conduct interviews and survey Compile and analyze results Report findings Develop recommendations CASE STUDY I will be concentrating on clubhouses in Negeri Sembilan Malaysia. The first case study will be Staffield clubhouse because it is one of the best clubhouses in Malaysia and number one in Negeri Sembilan The second will be Nilai Spring clubhouse then Seremban international clubhouse. nsemb60 FIG 3.1 MAP OF NEGERI SEMBILAN ANd9GcQ5703XNqJMGaUq6472hmQIDBHqTdpsnEL8JEtokV_ORYu2_o31Dg FIG3.2 NILAI SPRING CLUBHOUSE ANd9GcTAUVney1WF0O-QKq7b7osw0QTJKwShxQgL2m3A2AhxvyzE-8EU FIG3.3 SEREMBAN INTERNATIONAL CLUBHOUSE club FIG3.4 STAFFIELD CLUBHOUSE MANTIN These three clubhouse case studies will be for comparison purposes in terms of clubhouse facilities offered. Comparison Will compare several clubhouses with the intention to differentiate the facilities they offer. Comparative research is a flexible way of comparing things especially when I need to derive a sufficient distinguishing of facilities which are offered by clubhouses. QUESTIONNAIRE The content of the questionnaire was developed in accordance to the research questions and much attention paid to the research objectives. The questionnaire was designed to determine the level of satisfaction with the range and type of clubhouse facilities existing. INTERVIEWS This is a form of qualitative research, it will come in the form of structured interview questions that will result in a meaningful and helpful collection of data. This type of research is very essential, in order to gain an understanding of clubhouses and their facilities and as well as community interests when it comes to clubhouses around their area or that they attend to. Chapter four Bar Chart 1: Respondents Age Most of the respondents are of the age 22 and the rest are at a constant of either 18, 20 and 21-24years Bar Chart2: Respondents Gender 47.5% of the respondents where males 34.4% of the respondents where female Bar Chart3: Respondents who have visited a clubhouse or been a member 72% have visited or been a member of a clubhouse 28% have not visited or been a member of a clubhouse before Bar Chart3: Respondents who have clubhouses around their area Majority of the respondents have clubhouses around their area Bar Chart4: respondents on if the existing clubhouses accommodate for them Most of the respondents believe that clubhouses around their area do not accommodate for them. Whilst the rest think they are adequate. PieChart1: Respondents male or female Slightly more males participated in the survey than females PieChart1: Respondents male or female on them being interested in attending More females are interested in attending or being a member of a clubhouse Bar Chart5: respondents on the rating of existing clubhouse facilities The facilities in existing clubhouses are of low standards whereas the others are of average standards offered Facilities Responses Percent of Cases N Percent offered facilities in existing clubhousea resturant 33 19.5% 68.8% ballroom(events) 11 6.5% 22.9% library 14 8.3% 29.2% clinic 10 5.9% 20.8% exercise studio 19 11.2% 39.6% bar 17 10.1% 35.4% indoor sport 20 11.8% 41.7% music studio 14 8.3% 29.2% lounge 17 10.1% 35.4% outdoor sport 10 5.9% 20.8% dance studio 4 2.4% 8.3% Total 169 100.0% 352.1% Table 1: respondents on facilities offered Restaurants seem to be a popular facility offered in the existing clubhouses Swimming pool comes closely after restaurant followed by indoor Sport important Facilities Responses Percent of Cases N Percent important clubhouse facilities fitness centre 6 27.3% 46.2% indoor Sports area 2 9.1% 15.4% music and Dance 1 4.5% 7.7% computer and internet cafe 1 4.5% 7.7% library 1 4.5% 7.7% ballroom 2 9.1% 15.4% resturant 3 13.6% 23.1% bar 6 27.3% 46.2% Total 22 100.0% 169.2% Table2: respondents on important facilities The youth picked fitness centre and bar as an important facility for them in comparison with other facilities. Restaurants and indoor sport where also considered as important . Appropriate Facilities Responses Percent of Cases N Percent appropriate for the youtha artAndDesign 24 9.7% 48.0% outdoorSport 22 8.9% 44.0% music studio 29 11.7% 58.0% cooking room 21 8.5% 42.0% fitness beauty Centre 19 7.7% 38.0% lounge 21 8.5% 42.0% computer room 18 7.3% 36.0% drama,film,drama 16 6.5% 32.0% indoor sport 13 5.2% 26.0% library 13 5.2% 26.0% BBq n Grill 15 6.0% 30.0% resturant 12 4.8% 24.0% swimming pool 25 10.1% 50.0% Total 248 100.0% 496.0% . Table3 : respondents on appropriate facilities The appropriate and engaging facilities the youth area most interested in are Music studio with 58.% Swimming pool with 50% Art and design with 48% Outdoor sport with 44% Cooking room and lounge seem to be of the same percentage of interest with in most cases 42% These are the five youth facilities the youth find interesting to them. INTERVIEW WITH CLUB MANAGERS ON EXISTING CLUBHOUSES Nilai Clubhouse Seremaban Clubhouse Mantin Clubhouse Existing clubhouses that offer facilities Responses Percent of Cases N Percent existing clubhouses existing clubhouses 1 33.3% 50.0%

Analyse The Factors Contributing To Language Maintenance Education Essay

Analyse The Factors Contributing To Language Maintenance Education Essay In countries of significant migration, like Australia, newly arrived settlers from non-English speaking countries need to become bilingual, adding to fluency in their own language at least some fluency in English. With the passage of time, perhaps generations, families may find that their ethnic language becomes lost to them. Many consider that this loss is not only a loss for families and individuals, but that it is also a loss for the community at large. For the purposes of this essay, the term language maintenance is used to refer to the ability of ethnic communities, families and individuals to maintain their own language while adapting to the language of their new country. This essay will consider the factors which appear to influence the maintenance of a language, focusing on some of the more powerful social and psychological forces which propel individuals towards the continued learning and maintenance of a minority language. There seems to be little doubt among the researcher s that attitudes influence language maintenance. In fact, attitudes towards the minority language and culture appear to underlie the other relevant factors, which include sense of ethnic identity, motivation and family support. These factors will be dealt with in turn in this essay. There is a considerable body of evidence that attitudes to the ethnic language and culture influence language maintenance. In order to consider attitudes towards a language, one needs to consider what makes a language valuable. According to Edwards (1985), greater possibilities of employment and acceptance by the community that speaks the language are some valuable qualities. Factors that devalue a language would include the embarrassment some children feel about parents use of the minority language in public when the children want to conform. Gardner (1985) has produced and reviewed studies attempting to establish a relationship between attitudes towards a language and culture and motivation to practise the language and participate in that culture. He concludes on the basis of the research that attitudes are fairly consistently related to achievement in a language. Political issues obviously affect attitudes and Romaine (1989, p. 42), in dealing with the effect of ties with the home land on language maintenance, wrote that refugees often reject the language of the oppressive regime and try to assimilate to the new culture as quickly as possible. An individuals and communitys sense of ethnic identity appears to have a profound influence on language maintenance. Issues of identity are extremely personal and often emotional, interwoven as they are with personality. One expects the extent to which a person identifies with his/her ethnic background to influence the motivation behind maintenance of the ethnic language. Some studies (e.g. Bentahila and Davies, 1992) have disputed this expectation. It appears that it is possible for a speech community to value its ethnic background and language highly though not passing it on to their children, possibly for utilitarian reasons. Or language may not be considered a core value of ethnic identity, as with the Dutch community in Australia, which tends not to maintain the Dutch language over generations (Clyne, 1982). The Dutch community in Australia, according to Smolicz and Secombe (1979), is a group that does not consider it very important to retain its own culture as distinct to that of the dominant majority. Poles and Greeks, however, are language-centred cultures, in which language is considered an important and defining aspect of group membership. These communities, according to Clyne (1979), do maintain their languages well. It thus appears that a strong sense of ethnic identity is an important factor contributing to language maintenance as long as language is considered an important part of that identity. Research indicates that motivation is also strongly related to the successful learning and maintenance of a language. A great deal of work has centred around the distinction between integral and instrumental motivation. Integrative motivation (for example interest in and liking of the language and those who speak it) derives from positive attitudes towards the target language group and the desire and potential for integrating with that group. Instrumental motivation involves utilitarian feelings like knowing that the language may improve ones opportunities for employment. Most researchers suggest that integrative motivation is a more powerful factor in promoting language maintenance, but Clyne (1979) points out that acceptance of a language as an examination and/or school subject is a major factor in German and Dutch language maintenance, and one can assume that this has been an important factor in maintenance of the key languages indicated by the National Language Policy of 1987 for teaching in the Department of Education. It seems clear that motivation of both types play a role in language maintenance. Perhaps the most fundamental issue to be taken into account when considering language maintenance is family support for the continued use of the ethnic language. Dennison (1977 in Edwards 1985) noted that the most direct cause of language loss is lack of transmission to children. According to Fantini (1985, p. 197), Language is the childs passport for entry into a social group, or a cultural community. Two languages permit the child to enter into and acquire the world views of two communities.For these views to exist in harmony rather than in conflict, favourable attitudes on the part of those who surround the child are essential to permit him to grow up a well-adjusted individual, comfortable in either community. Gardner (1985) distinguished between the active and passive role played by parents. The active role includes parental encouragement to succeed, monitoring of performance and reinforcement of success (negative active roles would include agreement that a language is a waste of time or an intrusion on more important subject areas). The passive role involves parental attitudes toward the second language community, reinforcing or weakening the integrative motive. Gardner concludes that passive supports, these parental attitudinal reactions to the language community, are what are remembered most when children reflect on parental encouragement to maintain and learn a language. The support of parents should definitely be taken into account when considering language maintenance, since the fundamental cause of language loss or attrition is failure to pass it on to the next generation. In summary, it appears that the underlying factor determining language maintenance is attitude towards the language and ethnic community. These attitudes appear to be closely related to sense of ethnic identity, motivation and, in particular, parental support. There is considerable evidence and weight of opinion that they are all important factors which could determine whether or not individuals or groups are likely to keep a minority language alive in themselves and/or in the community.

Ethiopias Medical Dilemma :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Ethiopia's Medical Dilemma Living in an industrialized country like America, and especially in a community such as Bryn Mawr, we are well fed and given excellent healthcare. Despite student complaints that they cannot go to the health center for a cough drop without being asked if they could be pregnant, most students are aware that they are very lucky and appreciate that there are parts of the world that are ravaged by diseases such as Malaria, which kills three children every minute. We donate money, we participate in clothing drives, but it is there that our involvement often ends, and we rarely see how effectively organizations such as Doctors without Border or Unicef ameliorate epidemics and other crisis developing countries. If one judges by the recent outbreak of malaria in Ethiopia; these human rights organizations are not living out the 'I Dream of Africa'-esque humanitarian fantasy that the donors may have imagined. Unicef, in conjunction with the Ethiopian government has been using what some claim are outdated drugs to fight the disease, which The World Health Organization predicts will infect 15 million of Ethiopia's 65 million population ( three times the normal infection rate) (1) . However, international doctors groups' such as Doctors Without Borders argue that the outdated drugs will be ineffective and may even make the epidemic more severe. There are new drugs that both W.H.O. and Doctors without Borders favor, but they are expensive and it is felt that it might worsen the situation to switch tactics now. And so the problem presents itself: expensive, effective new drugs, or cheaper, older drugs that may not work(1). One can understand the position of the Ethiopian Government so far as that they would like to choose the less expensive option. However, if the treatment they buy is not effective and if the second line of treatment is not possible for many of the citizens, then it is not on ly in the Ethiopian government's best interest, but also their responsibility to seek out and use a drug that will in fact help their citizens. In a country with an average life span on 44 years and a death rate of 17.2 percent for children under five, the health care in Ethiopia is already poor and this malaria epidemic is the worst that the country has seen since 1998 (3). Malaria is spread largely by Anopheles mosquitoes and attacks the liver and red blood cells, though it can also attack other organs, depending on the case (4).

Taxing and E-Commerce Essay -- Internet Tax Sales Papers

Taxing and E-Commerce With the advent of the Internet, e-commerce exploded, and in 2003, the estimated value of online sales was 95.7 billion dollars (epaynews). It also is estimated that 30% of online users buy online (epaynews). As e-commerce and the revenues from e-commerce increase, so do the questions and problems concerning taxes. Because of the global nature of the World Wide Web, and more than 30,000 tax jurisdictions in the United States (US), (Internet Taxation) it is easy to see the complications that exist in the taxation of e-commerce. Who do you tax? How is it collected? Can taxes be collected from a sale that was made in another state, and what is considered a substantial â€Å"nexus† in the buyers state. Because 75% of the American population have access and use the Internet (Don’t Tax the Internet) this is an issue that affects the majority of Americans. According to an article published by the Citizens For a Sound Economy, â€Å"State and local access fees could add 20-25 % to the average Internet consumer’s bill †¦ that may not sound like much in Washington, but it could strand millions of low-income Americans on the wrong side of the digital divide† (Don’t tax the internet). Because taxation is an issue that affects most Americans, it is important to understand what types of taxes that there are and that could be levied, the past and current internet taxation policies, and finally the challenges and benefits of internet taxation. There are many different taxes that are being considered at this time, and that could be levied on the Internet and its users. The first type, which is being considered, affects all Internet users, as it is a tax on Internet access. In some states where this type of tax does exist it is ... ...d affect global consumers, I think that it is fair that the consumer be subject to the vendor’s country’s tax. I learned a lot from the research that I did. I learned that those in the government are considering Internet taxation, and whether we agree or disagree, it is important that we get involved. Otherwise, we may end up with an outcome that we disagree with. Work Cited Epaynews: http://www.epaynews.com/statistics/purchases.html Internet Taxation: http://www.pubpol.duke.edu/centers/dewitt/course/internetandsociety/taxation/ Don’t Tax the Internet: http://www.cse.org/informed/issues_template.php?issue_id=1748 Internet Taxation: Which side are you on?: http://www.powerhomebiz.com/vol4/internet-taxation.htm E-Commerce and Internet Taxation: Issues, Organizations, and Findings: http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/jun00/gordon-murnane.htm

Localism and Hoover’s views on goverment

Localism- the policy whereby problems could best be solved at local and state levels. Reconstruction finance corporation- urged by hoover to be passed; gave more than a billion dollars of government loans to railroads and large businesses trickle-down economics- theory held that money poured into the top of the economic pyramid will trickle down to the base Bonus Army.How did Hoover’s views on government influence his response to the depression? While not believing in charity by the government, Hoover did try an dhelp the economic mess that began during his administration. He gave much of his money to charity and encourage Americans to do the same. He broke with republicans and did away with the taxes that had been placed on citizens during the Coolidge administration. He thought that would allow for more income being spent to help the economy rebound. He spent $500 million a year on public works and government programs to build or improve government properties.The most famous was the Hoover (Boulder) Dam. Congress established the Reconstruction finance corporation (continued by FDR) which created an agency to help banks, railroads, and other key businesses to stay in business thus helping the economy. All of these things could not stem the tide of the economic collapse. Hoover believed in a balanced budget and not pumping government money into the economy. He believed in rugged individualism, and relied on the individual, the churches and private charities, and the state governments to handle most of the economic help that was needed.What facts show that Hoover’s policies to reverse the depression failed? Hoover left office with the economy at the depths of an unprecedented depression & with 25% of the labor force unemployed. To many out of work americans, the president became a symbol of failure. Some people balmed capitalism, while others questioned the responsiveness of democracy. Many believed the American system was due for an overhaul. Busi nesses often did not use the loans they recieved to hire more workers.4. How did MacArthur’s tactics in removing the Bonus Army affect Hoover’s political future?President Hoover ordered MacArthur to â€Å"surround the affected area and clear it without delay.† MacArthur brought up troops and tanks from Fort Myer, Fort Meade, Fort Washington and Fort Howard. After the bonus seekers refused to leave, Hoover eventually ordered the army to forcibly remove them. The marchers collected in a single area and Hoover ordered the siege stopped, but Mac Arthur continued the assault. Eventually 55 were injured, one woman miscarried and one man who was already sick died. Roosevelt milked the event for all its worth during the campaign of 1932 and suggested that he would have done better. (The Marchers were not actually owed any money, but hoped to pressure the government into giving them an advance on tehir pension.)

Health Sociology Essay

The present paper reviews various theories in reference to health sociology. Discussion will centre around a brief definition of theory and sociology while exploring and comparing two of the seven main theoretical perspectives; functionalism and symbolic interactionism. This paper concludes by providing reasoning on the importance of contributing these two theories to the knowledge of health care practitioners. A theory allows us to make sense of the world by providing clarification of why things happen and how things work. Each theory is developed on a collection of different authors views although in the end they tend to share core values of a certain perspective or society (Germov, 2009). Theories are commonly the foundation for all health policies and reflect on the way health care providers deliver care, they allow health practitioners to enhance their knowledge on matters they are unsure of through qualitative research and encourage continuation of skill development in hope of achieving improved quality of care (Albert, Hodges, Kuper & Reeves, 2008). Sociology is simply the study of human social life and encourages health care professionals to view everyday occurrences in different ways. It can be broken down into sociology in nursing, relating to an individual’s health care experience or sociology of nursing, referring more to the issues that affect the profession as a whole (Green & Earle, 2009). Functionalism also known as structural functionalism or consensus theory looks at society from a large-scale prospective and is an approach to sociology based on ideas by three key theorists; Ѐmily Durkheim (1858-1917), Talcott Parsons (1902-79) and Robert Merton’s (1910-2003). This theoretical perspective, which is popular in the USA, explores the required structures that make up a society and how each part contributes to maintaining social stability and equilibrium (Germov, 2009). According to Van Krieken et al. (2013) the main ideas of the functionalist perspective may be summarised from a comparison drawn from biology, with the use of the human body as an example to explain how an organism works. It firstly examines the various relationships between the different parts of the body, such as the lungs, heart, liver and brain, and with this investigation it provides an understanding of how they operate together as a whole organism. By simply investigating these parts of the body in isolation of each other and without each organ working smoothly together the human body is unable to operate, the same is true for a society  and all the structures working together trying to maintain social order (Van Krieken et al., 2013). Along with Van Krieken et al. (2013) comparison with biology, Germov (2009) explains that functionalism centers on the assumption that a society is a system made from a bunch of connected structures, all of which have an integral function with certain needs that interrelate and depend on each other in order for survival of social stability and consensus to be maintained. According to Germov (2009) the functionalist study of health care has mainly been influenced by Parsons (1951) and regarded individual’s health as an essential condition of an unchanging and ordered society. His idea of illness came from behaviour’s and/or activities that interrupt social exceptions about what is normal and saw illness as a disruption to the usual function of society. He implemented the concept of the ‘sick role’ stressing the importance for the sick to seek expert help in order to recover and continue performing their social role (Germov, 2009). Symbolic interactionism was compiled by the teachings of a key theorist George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) in the 20th century. He believed that this theory was established as a reaction against structuralist approaches such as structural functionalism and was the development of individuals and how people construct, interpret and assign meaning to their behaviours in order to decide how they act with others (Germov, 2009). Herbert Blumer (1900-87) continued Meads work and coined the term to describe this theory of society in 1937. Symbolic interactionism encompasses not only sociology but various components of psychology by concentrating on a small-scale view of society and focuses on a small-scale perspective of individual’s interactions and how this impacts a person’s image or identity of themselves (Germov, 2009). According to Kneisl & Trigoboff (2009) symbolic interactionism can be explained by breaking the human process into three central ideas; it looks at how individual’s react depending on the meaning, it gives meaning to things based on our social interactions with people assigning different meanings, and it explains that our meanings given to something are not permanent and can be changed with experiences that occur throughout everyday life. Symbolic interactionism gives special importance that health and illness are perceived subjectively as socially formed features of an individual’s life that can change with time and vary within certain cultures (Germov, 2009). Labelling theory which is described by Germov (2009) as  social institutions and health professions playing a role in defining what is deviant, uncovered the way that medicine could be utilised as an instrument in promoting conformity and help minimise the actions of difficult or abnormal social groups. Symbolic interactionism has an emphasis on illness within a society and how it can be socially mirrored at any point in time by politics, culture and morality, therefor health care professionals may use this theory to gain opinions that are based on social and moral factors rather than just biological factors (Germov, 2009). Functionalism and symbolic interactionism are both theoretical paradigms that are applied in relation to the study of society’s structure. According to the structure-agency continuum in Germov (2009), both of these theories are placed at opposite ends, functionalism favouring the structure side of the debate while symbolic interactionism favouring the agency side. As discussed, the functionalist theory observes on a macro scale how society works together by the interacting and interlocking parts, it is based on a more objective scientific approach by focusing more on the organism working as a whole in order to provide social stability (Langhoff, 2002). Unlike functionalism, symbolic interactionism is based more on an interpretive approach which is observed on a micro scale and focuses more on the individual’s reactions and actions when they attach meaning to the interlocking parts (Langhoff, 2002). In order for us to comprehend, explain and make predictions about the involvement of a society and human relationships we must first gain a strong understanding of sociology and its impacts towards nursing. Cox (as cited in Pinikahana, 2003), explained how sociology may help nurses with their primary role in caring for patients and discussed four ways of how sociology relates to nursing. Pinikahana (2003) explains the reasoning and justification for teaching sociology in order to increase the awareness of the individual’s psychological and social needs, and views sociology as a subject that facilitates the holistic care of the patient. Cooke (as cited in Green & Earle, 2009) explains sociology as an â€Å"emancipatory disc ipline†, meaning health professionals need to remain self-critical and question the expectations of the profession that have been long held. Following the theory of functionalism within health care the ‘sick role’ relies heavily on the medical professional-patient relationship and should be able to rely on others to care for them in order to restoring  their health, they are to comply with the recommended medical treatment and are not to be help personally responsible for their illness due to it being beyond ones control (Germov, 2009). With the use of symbolic interactionism theory in the health care system, it allows the practitioner to gain an understanding of the patient’s physical presentation along with their psychological needs (Germov, 2009). Adapting the use of qualitative research and theory based practices within the medical profession collectively increases the patient’s outcomes both mentally and physically by providing the best possible care using a holistic approach. If health practitioners are unaware of these various theoretical perspectives they may not be able to provide the best practice for the patient, therefore leaving the individual with a reduced ability to regain their health (Germov, 2009). In conclusion the theoretical perspectives of functionalism and symbolic interactionism along with the other five theories; marxism, weberianism, feminism, contemporary modernism and post structuralism/post modernism are all important considerations that need to be taken into account when dealing with people in the medical profession. Functionalism relates more to the sociology of nursing and explores the structures that are involved in making a society and concentrate on the parts that interact together in order to make things work as a whole, the perfect example of this being the human body, without the awareness of this theory, social stability and consensus would not be achieved. Symbolic interactionism relates more towards sociology in nursing and takes into account the structures that meet the needs of society while it also considers individual’s social facts like the way people think and act, gaining an overall picture of the patients social and psychological needs.

Money: United States and Famous Wealthy Businessman

In this day and age, it is almost impossible to live without money. Money is the key to getting most of what we need and want. Evil is an impious act, which takes over individuals or societies and makes them do wrongdoings to each other. This brings us to our topic of discussion: â€Å"Money is the root of all evil†. There are two different attitudes to this topic. A group believes that money is not the root to all evil. In the world we currently live in, one needs money in order to survive and be happy.Money gives people possibilities and when available, it allows people to live luxurious lives. When accessible, some people use their excess money to aide others. For instance, Bill Gates, a famous wealthy businessman, donates 99% of his profits every year to charities. These charities then use the money to help the poor. This group also believes that, other than money, there is other ancestry of evil. For instance, hate is one aspect. Hate is created out of jealousy between in dividuals or societies. Detestation, if strongly felt, may lead to murder.Another principle of malevolence is sexual cravings. For some individuals, these cravings, if not fulfilled, may drive them into committing a horrible sort of violence. It may lead to rape. This malice has nothing to do with money whatsoever; hence money is not the root of all evil. On the contrary, a group believes that money is the root of all evil. It is factual that money gives people power to succeed and to get what they want. However, sometimes excess power is used erroneously, which in the long term, creates evil.Evidence of this is the war that took place between Iraq and America in year 2003. It was America who declared war against Iraq. That war was ridiculous, as, until now, it has not yet been proven that Iraq had Weapons of Mass Destruction! America had, and still has, a lot of money, and therefore, a lot of power. This has driven America to creating war and conflicts with other countries, which i s a sign of evil. This money, which has been spent on the war, could've been used in supporting millions of homeless, poor and starving people around the world!

Perception About Fairness Creams Essay

Research Problem: There has been an increase in the advertisement for Fairness cream for men. Several new brands have cropped up following the lead of Fair and Handsome from Emami, the House of Fair and Lovely, the most popular fairness. We now have Vaseline and Nivea running the race to capture the market of men who wish to have fairer skin. We wished to analyse how the youngsters of today perceive this cream for fairer men, which breaks the conventional image of â€Å"Tall, Dark and handsome†. Hence, the question, â€Å"What do the Indian youth think about the Fairness Cream for men?† Objective: To understand the perception of the youth towards Fairness Cream for men. Research Methodology: As the first step towards finding the answer to this question, a qualitative research was needed. The projective technique of Association was used. Association tasks, the most commonly employed projective technique, require subjects to respond to the presentation of an object by indicating the first word, image, or thought elicited by the stimulus. The respondents were provided with two stimuli. First, Fair and Lovely to gauge their idea about fairness cream in general and fairness for women. Next stimulus was Fair and Handsome, the fairness cream for men from the same house. This was done to understand what they felt about fairness for men. Apart from the projective technique, the next method of data collection was obtrusive observation. The respondents were observed to understand and cross check the response of the respondents. Some of the respondents were further probed to understand the reason for their response. Observations: After collecting the data from a sample size of around 50, which were a good mix of both men and women, ranging from the age of 20 – 28 years, following observations have surfaced: 1. Majority of the people associate fairness cream with the brand ambassador, who generally represent beauty and grandeur. 2. While the most obvious and common association for Fair and Lovely cream was fairness or beauty, the response for Fair and Handsome was mixed. While some people associated it with handsome men, many people responded â€Å"Gay†. They believe fairness is associated with women and not something men desire. 3. The third type of response was of those people who believe fairness for men or women is more of stereotyping and not good for the society in general. These people were further probed to inquire  about the reason for the same. The response was, â€Å"India was ruled by the Whites for a long time. Somehow, Indians associate fair skin with superiority. This is also what the fairness cream advertisement also imply. A girl with fairer skin fares better in all aspects, be it personal or professional life. Similar is the scenario for men with fair skin.† 4. The last perception about fairness cream for both men and women was that they do not work and are just a gimmick to which people fall prey to.

Global Financing and Exchange Rate

Global Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms March 07, 2009 Global Financing and Exchange Rate Mechanisms Hard currencies are a currency, usually from a highly industrialized country, that is widely accepted around the world as a form of payment for goods and services. A hard currency is expected to remain relatively stable through a short period of time, and to be highly liquid in the forex market (Investopedia, 2009). The forex market is the largest, most liquid market in the world with an average traded value that exceeds $1. 9 trillion per day and includes all of the currencies in the world. There is no central marketplace for currency exchange; trade is conducted over the counter. The forex market is open 24 hours a day, five days a week, and currencies are traded worldwide among the major financial centers of London, New York, Tokyo, Zurich, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Singapore, Paris and Sydney (Investopedia, 2009). Another criterion for a hard currency is that the currency must come from a politically and economically stable country. The U. S. dollar and the British pound are good examples of hard currencies (Investopedia, 2009). Soft currency is another name for â€Å"weak currency†. The values of soft currencies fluctuate often, and other countries do not want to hold these currencies due to political or economic uncertainty within the country with the soft currency. Currencies from most developing countries are considered to be soft currencies. Often, governments from these developing countries will set unrealistically high exchange rates, pegging their currency to a currency such as the U. S. dollar (Investopedia, 2009). Hard Currency is used in global financing operations by developed nations. Hard currency is easily traded and bartered throughout the world. Using hard currency ensures that there is an even playing field for all parties in the transaction. Hard currency is important in managing risks because â€Å"a company can counter an imminent devaluation by speeding up collections of receivables, postponing bill paying, and converting cash into hard currency† (Feist, Helly, & Lu, 1999) . Another way that hard currency manages risks is by utilizing or adopting it, it is least likely to be a factor in the loss of funds. World organizations which invest internationally face the prospect of uncertainty in the returns after they convert the foreign gains back to their own currency. Unlike the past when most U. S. investors ignored international investing alternatives, investors today must recognize and understand exchange rate risk, which can be defined as the variability in returns on securities caused by currency fluctuations. Exchange rate risk is sometimes called currency risk. This risk is true for the nations also. For example if a currency is free-floating, its exchange rate is allowed to vary against that of other currencies. Exchange rates for such currencies are likely to change almost constantly as quoted on financial markets, mainly by banks, around the world. This can lead to lot of speculation and also losses especially for weak economies. Moreover investors generally prefer hard currencies to soft currencies at times of increased inflation (or more precisely increased inflation differentials between countries), at times of heightened political or military risk, or when they feel that one or more government-imposed exchange rates are unrealistic. In some cases, an economy may choose to abandon local currency altogether and adopt a hard currency as legal tender. Examples include the adoption in Ecuador and Panama of the US dollar, and the adoption in Kosovo and Montenegro of first the German mark and later the euro. â€Å"Countries open to capital flows can adopt a wide range of arrangements, from free floating to a variety of crawling pegs with broad bands around them (under which the central exchange rate is frequently and marginally adjusted), as well as very hard pegs sustained by policy commitments such as currency boards, dollarization (or, more generally, the adoption of another foreign currency as legal tender), or membership in a currency union† (Finance & Development, 2001). Hard pegs are defined as â€Å"In economics, a policy in which the authorities insist on some permanent, precise guarantee of the value of the local currency to some other thing: a unit measure of gold, the US dollar, the euro, or the pound. Historically, the US dollar had a hard peg to gold from 1946 to 1971, while other currencies in the developed world had a hard peg to the US dollar. Since 1971, most of the world's money is in floating currency (whose relative value is set by the free market)† (Urban Dictionary). A floating currency is â€Å"A currency whose value is set by the currency markets; money whose exchange rate relative to other currencies is determined mainly or entirely by unrestricted trading in the currency. Most currencies are dirty float |dirty floats, which means that the government issuing them attempts to manage their traded value in some way; or else hard peg |hard pegs, in which the value is tied to something specific. When a currency is floating, then its value may rise because the county is running a trade surplus, or it is running a capital account surplus. Floating currencies are not fiat money, although they are often confused for each other† (Urban Dictionary). In some cases the US dollar is considered fiat money because it is deemed â€Å"money that (a) derives its value entirely from the mandate of the government, and (b) cannot be freely traded. Fiat money is not the same thing as floating currency, because if a floating currency is intrinsically worthless then its lack of worth will be reflected in the forex markets. Fiat money, on the other hand, does not require a disciplined monetary of fiscal policy on the part of the issuing authorities; exchange rates are fixed by decree, which means the state also controls supplies of hard (foreign) currency† (Urban Dictionary). â€Å"Times change, and a currency that is considered weak at one time may become stronger, and perceived as a hard currency later on. For example, the pound sterling was considered structurally weak and liable to depreciate (in real terms) for much of the post World War II period; now it is considered to have re-established fiscal and monetary soundness and to be strong. The U. S. dollar (USD) has been considered a strong currency in recent years, and importantly a safe-haven in times of international tension or war, but the USA has large fiscal and trade deficits and an unresolved problem that many Asian currencies are pegged to the dollar and therefore do not appreciate as their trade surpluses with the USA grow; some commentators believe that these considerations imply that the U. S. dollar will now enter a period of weakness, especially that there are signs that China may be relaxing the rate at which the yuan is pegged to the dollar† (Answers, 2007). Soft Currency is used in global operations by underdeveloped or unstable nations. Soft currency is also used as local currency like the Mexican peso. Soft currency is important in managing risks because it is a warning for companies to take proactive measures to reduce currency exchange losses. Soft pegs may lead speculation, which can be costly in industrialized countries, but are frequently harmful to emerging market countries, as in Latin America (Mexico and Ecuador), East Asia (Thailand, Korea, and Indonesia) and Turkey. The breakdown of soft pegs in emerging market countries is as damaging as it is because their debt structure is generally short term and is denominated in foreign currency. Thus a successful speculative attack leads to a sharp deterioration in balance sheets, which in turn leads to a financial crisis. Hard pegs may be desirable, particularly in countries whose political and monetary institutions are especially weak; they can used to stabilize the economy. However, hard pegs will not be successful in promoting a healthy economy unless government policies create the right institutional environment. Thus Pegging has typically been a way to substantiate the value of a local currency against the world's convertible currencies and to stabilize the exchange rate. References Investopedia, (http://www. investopedia. com/terms/s/softcurrency. asp) Feist, William R. , Heely, James A. , & Lu, Min H. (1999). Managing A Global Enterprise. , Greenwood Publishing Group. International Financial Management by Madhu vij Finance & Development, (http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/06/fischer. htm) Urban Dictionary, (http://www. urbandictionary. com/define. php? term=hard%20peg)